Rocks could save the world (Yes, rocks)

The Canary Islands are home to Mount Teide, one of the world’s largest active volcanoes.

Capable of ==spewing== tens of millions of cubic meters of lava in a single eruption, Teide’s destructive power ==is nothing to scoff at== .

But there may be a way to use the ==basalt== rock inside Teide to save humanity.

That’s right—blowing up this volcano could offset Earth’s emissions for the foreseeable future.

Obviously, destroying an ancient volcano is not a good idea.

The ecological ==fallout== would be catastrophic and unpredictable.

But even if we harvested some of that basalt, could we really use it to stop climate change?

This theoretical scheme is a dramatic way to enhance one of Earth’s least dramatic natural processes: rock weathering.

Rock weathering occurs whenever it rains.

As falling rainwater mixes with atmospheric carbon dioxide, it becomes a weak acid that can ==eat away at== minerals called silicates.

And since silicates are in over 90% of Earth’s exposed rock, this happens pretty much anywhere rain hits stone.

As this acid reacts with the stone, the dissolved carbon dioxide in the rainwater turns into a new form called bicarbonate, which trickles downstream alongside the rain to the ocean.

Here, marine ==critters== use it to create structures like shells.

And when they die, those shells sink to the ==seafloor== , trapping that carbon dioxide in the ocean for ==millennia== .

This process has a massive impact on Earth’s climate.

When it’s warm and wet, the rock weathering speeds up, ==tempering== greenhouse warming.

When it’s cold and dry, the process slows down, building up atmospheric carbon dioxide.

But these effects take time—natural rock weathering balances Earth’s climate over millions of years.

Thankfully, experts working to sequester atmospheric carbon have plans to speed things up.

Two major factors determine the pace of this process: the types of rock exposed to weather and the amount of rock that’s exposed.

Silicates that form at higher temperatures tend to weather faster due to their chemical composition.

These rocks include those from Earth’s deep ==mantle== and volcanic rocks like basalt.

But piled up in a mountain, not very much rock is exposed.

So, some climate experts believe we should harvest that fast-weathering rock, ==crush== it, and spread it out to weather more rock in less time.

This sped-up process is called enhanced rock weathering, and it’s among the most practical plans we have for drawing down carbon.

Rather than needing to invent all-new technology, we can rely on existing systems for mining and processing rock.

And since agricultural communities have long known that volcanic rocks and soils can improve crop yield, farmlands could be the perfect ==dispersal== sites.

But for this approach to have impact, it needs to be deployed globally.

And even without ==demolishing== any volcanoes, large-scale solutions always come with large-scale problems.

First off, rock weathering—enhanced or otherwise—runs through the entire global water cycle.

Since this open system has more variables than we could ever account for, it’s difficult to measure enhanced rock weathering’s precise impact.

Second, despite existing mining technology, it would be a massive ecological and engineering challenge to ==quarry== , crush, transport, and spread this much rock.

The logistical difficulty of distributing this material would be similarly demanding.

And unless the energy used for both tasks came from mostly clean sources, it would undermine the project’s net carbon impact.

Finally, any endeavor that impacts Earth’s natural systems at this scale might have unpredictable side effects.

For example, quarried rocks might contain dangerous heavy metals or other unknown elements.

But these challenges aren’t reasons to abandon enhanced rock weathering—they’re just the first obstacles to implementing this promising strategy.

Simulations suggest a global enhanced rock weathering program that spreads 10 tons of basalt dust on every hectare of global farmland could ==sequester== over 200 ==gigatons== of CO₂ over a 75-year period.

Those are remarkable figures for an approach this cheap and practical, and they prove you don’t need to blow up a mountain to have a big impact.

Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Words Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
spew 喷出;涌出;呕吐 /spjuː/
be nothing to scoff at 没什么可嘲笑的 /biː ˈnʌθɪŋ tuː skɒf æt/
basalt 玄武岩 /ˈbæslæt/
fallout 沉降物;附带结果 /ˈfɔːlaʊt/
eat away at 侵蚀;消耗 /ˈiːt əˈweɪ æt/
critter 生物;动物 /ˈkrɪtə(r)/
seafloor 海底 /ˈsiːflɔː(r)/
millennia 千年;千年期 /mɪˈleniə/
temper 脾气;情绪;回火 /ˈtempə(r)/
mantle 地幔;覆盖物 /ˈmæntl/
crush 压碎;挤压;碾碎 /ˈkrʌʃ/
dispersal 分散;传播 /ˈdɪspɜːsl/
demolish 拆除;摧毁 /ˈdeməlɪʃ/
quarry 采石场;猎物;费力地找 /ˈkwɒri/
sequester 使隔绝;使隐退;扣押 /ˈsiːkwestə(r)/
gigaton 十亿吨 /ˈdʒɪɡəˌtʌn/

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What staying up all night does to your brain

You’re just one Roman Empire history final away from a relaxing spring break.

But you still have so much to study!

So you decide to follow in the footsteps of many students before you and pull an all-nighter.

When you stay up all night, you’re fighting against your body’s natural circadian rhythms.

These are the cyclical changes that virtually all living things experience over the course of a 24-hour period—such as sleeping and waking—and they’re heavily influenced by light.

But for the moment, you’re alert and powering through the rule of Julius Caesar.

As the sun sets, your eyes send signals about the dwindling light to a part of your brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

This is basically your circadian rhythm’s clock.

It alerts your pineal gland to start producing melatonin.

That’s the hormone that helps prepare your body for sleep, and levels start to rise about two hours before your normal bedtime.

At the same time, neurons in the hypothalamus and brain stem release a compound called GABA.

This slows down activity in your brain and can have a calming effect.

You’re approaching your normal bedtime.

Since the brain needs to cool down before sleep, your core body temperature starts to drop.

Huh, that map kind of looks like a face.

Uh-oh, your attention has started to drift.

Throughout the day, your brain has been releasing a waste product called adenosine.

The more adenosine latching onto receptors in your brain, the more tired and inattentive you become.

Time for a cup of coffee.

Caffeine blocks adenosine from binding to receptors, which can give you a boost of energy.

However, it might also make you jittery and increase your anxiety.

You’re acing these flashcards!

Right now these dates and names are being stored in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.

Normally when you go to sleep, memories like these are consolidated and slotted into long-term storage in your brain’s neocortex.

So it’s a good thing you only need to remember this information through tomorrow.

Microsleeps are unpredictable periods of sleep that last for only a few seconds and are triggered by sleep deprivation.

You stretch in an attempt to stay awake.

But at this point your motor skills have also taken a hit.

Studies have found that people who have been awake for 19 hours have similar coordination and reaction times as those who have been drinking.

As the sun rises, your pineal gland stops releasing melatonin.

You feel a “second wind” come on.

And despite everything, you leave for school in a really good mood.

Sleep deprivation can briefly induce euphoria.

It’s caused by a temporary boost in dopamine levels, which can unfortunately also lead to poor choices.

The final starts off well.

It’s all multiple choice!

But then you get to the essay portion.

It’s thought that during sleep, our brains process ideas and draw connections between new memories and old ones.

So your sleepless brain might be able to regurgitate facts, but you’re finding it more difficult to find patterns or problem solve.

You stare at the blank page, defeated.

You head up to your room, anxious and irritable.

Your amygdala, the part of the brain involved with processing emotion, is going haywire.

Your prefrontal cortex usually keeps your amygdala in check, but it still isn’t firing on all cylinders.

Your bed has never felt so sweet.

After one sleepless night, your body and brain bounce back pretty quickly.

Which is a good thing since we can’t always control how much sleep we get.

But going for long periods without a good night’s sleep or constantly changing your bedtime can take its toll.

Regularly getting less than seven hours of sleep each night is linked to all sorts of health issues, from diabetes to stroke to chronic pain.

It also leaves you more vulnerable to developing mental health issues like depression.

Your sleep schedule can even affect your grades.

Studies have shown that college students who keep regular sleep hours have, on average, a higher GPA than students who don’t.

So the next time you’re thinking of pulling an all-nighter, remember that Rome wasn’t built in a day, or for that matter, one night.

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THE ERA OF MIGHT MAKES RIGHT

In the MAGA vision of the national interest, America will be more like Russia, China, and Iran. (BY GEORGE PACKER)

The best way to ==dismantle== the federal government, then ==repurpose== it as a tool of personal power and ideological warfare, is to start with the soft targets. Entitlements and defense, which comprise more than half of federal spending and a large share of its fraud and waste, enjoy too much support for Elon Musk to ==roll them up== easily. But nothing is less popular than sending taxpayers’ money to unknown people in poor, faraway countries that might ==be rife with corruption== . Americans dislike foreign aid so much that they wrongly believe it consumes at least a quarter of the budget (in the previous fiscal year, aid constituted barely 1 percent). President John F. Kennedy understood the problem, and after creating the United States Agency for International Development, in 1961, he told his advisers: “We hope we can tie this whole concept of aid to the safety of the United States. That is the reason we give aid. The test is whether it will serve the United States. Aid is not a good word. Perhaps we can describe it better as ‘Mutual Assistance.’ ” At another meeting, Kennedy suggested “International Security.”

USAID continued for the next six decades because leaders of both parties believed that ending ==polio== , preventing famine, stabilizing poor countries, strengthening democracies, and opening new markets served the United States. But on January 20, within hours of his inauguration, President Donald Trump signed an executive order that froze foreign aid. USAID was instructed to stop nearly all work. Its Washington headquarters was occupied and sensitive data were ==seized== by ==whiz== kids from Musk’s Department of Government Efficiency, or DOGE. One of their elder members, a 25-yearold software engineer and Matt Gaetz fan named Gavin Kliger, acquired an official email address to instruct the staff of USAID to stay home.

Contractors were fired and employees ==were placed on indefinite leave== ; those on overseas missions were given 30 days to return to the States with their families. Under orders to remain silent, they used ==pseudonyms== on encrypted chats to inform the outside world of what was going on. When I spoke on Signal with government employees, they sounded as if they were in Moscow or Tehran. “It felt like it went very ==authoritarian== very quickly,” one ==civil servant== told me. “You have to watch everything you say and do in a way that is gross.”

The website usaid.gov vanished, then ==reappeared== with a ==bare-bones== announcement of the organization’s ==dismemberment== , followed by the message “Thank you for your service.” A ==veteran== USAID official called it “ ==brutal== — from some 20-yearold idiot who doesn’t know anything. What the fuck do you know about my service?” ==A curtain fell over the public information== that could have served to challenge the ==outpouring== of lies and ==distortions== from the White House and from Musk, who called USAID “a criminal organization” and “evil.” If you looked into the charges, nearly all turned out to be ==outright== ==falsehoods== , highly misleading, or isolated examples of the kind of stupid, wasteful programs that exist in any organization.

A ==grant== for hundreds of ethnic-minority students from Myanmar to attend universities throughout Southeast Asia became a propaganda tool in the hands of the ==wrecking crew== because it went under the name “Diversity and ==Inclusion== Scholar ship Program”—as if the money were going to a “woke” bureaucracy, not to Rohingya refugees from the military regime’s ==genocide== . The ==orthodoxy== of a previous administration required the ==terminology== ; the orthodoxy of the new one has ended the students’ education and forced them to return to the country that ==oppressed== them. One of Trump’s executive orders is called “Defending Women Against Gender Ideology Extremism and Restoring Biological Truth to the Federal Government”; meanwhile, the administration suspended the online education of nearly 1,000 women in Afghanistan who had been studying undetected by the Taliban with funding from the State Department.

But hardly anyone in this country knows these things. ==Contesting== Musk’s algorithmically boosted lies on X with the tools of a reporter is like fighting a wildfire with a garden hose.

With no workforce or funding, USAID’s efforts around the world—vaccine campaigns in Nepal, HIV-drug distribution in Nigeria, nutrition for starving children in Sudanese refugee camps—were forced to end. Secretary of State Marco Rubio (who ==championed== USAID as a senator and now, as the agency’s acting head, is its ==executioner== ) issued a ==waiver== for lifesaving programs. But it proved almost meaningless, because the people needed to run the programs were locked out of their computers, had no way to communicate, and feared punishment if they kept working.

The ==heedlessness== of the aid ==wreckers== recalls Nick Carraway’s description in The Great Gatsby of Tom and Daisy Buchanan: “They were careless people, Tom and Daisy—they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made.” An agency of 10,000 employees is shrinking to about 300 and, despite its ==statutory== independence, being dissolved into the State Department. The veteran USAID official I spoke with foresaw a ==skeletal== operation reduced to health and food assistance, with everything else—education, the environment, governance, economic development—gone.

But even basic ==humanitarian== programs will be nearly impossible to sustain with the numbers that the administration ==envisions== —for example, 12 staff members for all of Africa.

“This is the infrastructure and architecture that has given us a doubling of the human lifespan,” Atul Gawande, the writer and surgeon who was the most recent, and perhaps last, head of the agency’s Bureau for Global Health, told me. “Taking it down kills people.”

Trump and Musk’s destruction of USAID was a trial ==blitzkrieg== : Send tanks and ==bombers== into ==defenseless== Poland to see what works before turning on the Western powers. The ==assault== provided a model for ==eviscerating== the rest of the federal bureaucracy. It also demonstrated the radicalism of Trump’s view of America’s role in the world.

Every president from Franklin D. Roosevelt to Barack Obama understood that American power was enhanced, not threatened, by attaching it to alliances, institutions, and values that the American people support, such as freedom, ==pluralism== , and humanitarianism. This was the common idea behind Harry Truman’s Marshall Plan for ==postwar== Europe, Kennedy’s establishment of USAID, Jimmy Carter’s creation of the U.S. refugee program, and George W. Bush’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. These weren’t simple acts of generosity. They were designed to prevent chaos and misery from overwhelming other countries and, eventually, harming our own. They expanded American influence by attraction rather than ==coercion== , showing people around the world that the ==Leviathan== could benefit them, too. Political scientists call this “soft power.”

Every president betrayed these ideas in one way or another, making U.S. foreign policy ==a fat target== for criticism at home and abroad, by the left and the right. Kennedy used foreign aid to ==wage== a bloody ==counterinsurgency== in South Vietnam; Carter put human rights at the center of his policy and then ==toasted the repressive== ==shah== of Iran; Bush, claiming to be spreading democracy to the Middle East, seriously damaged America’s global legitimacy. USAID ==antagonized== host governments and local populations with its ==arrogance== and ==bloat== . “We had a hand in our own destruction,” one longtime official told me. “We threw money in areas we didn’t need to.”

But the alternative to the ==hypocrisies== of soft power and the postwar liberal order was never going to be a ==chastened== , ==humbler== American foreign policy— neither the left’s fantasy of ==a plus-size Norway== nor the right’s of a return to the ==isolationist== 1920s. The U.S. is far too big, strong, and ==messianic== for voluntary diminish ment. The choice for this ==superpower== is between ==enlightened== ==selfinterest== , with all its blind spots and failures, and raw coercion.

Trump is showing what raw coercion looks like. Rather than negotiate with Canada and Mexico, impose U.S. demands with tariffs; rather than strengthen NATO, undermine it and threaten a conflict with one of its smallest, most ==benign== member countries; rather than review aid programs for their ==efficacy== , shut them down, ==slander== the people who make them work, and shrug at the humanitarian catastrophe that follows. The deeper reason for the extinction event at USAID is Trump’s contempt for anything that looks like cooperation between the strong and the weak. “America First” is more ==imperialist== than isolationist, which is why William McKinley, not George Washington or John Quincy Adams, is Donald Trump’s new presidential hero. He’s using a techno-futurist billionaire to return America to the late 19th century, when the civil service was a patronage network and great-power doctrine held that “might makes right.” He’s ridding himself and the country of restraining codes— the rule of law at home, the rules-based order abroad—and replacing them with a simple test: “What’s in it for me?” He’s ==unilaterally== ==disarming== America of its soft power, making the United States no different from China, Russia, or Iran. This is why the ==gutting== of USAID has received propaganda assistance and glowing reviews from Beijing, Moscow, and Tehran.

==Transactional== logic has an obvious appeal. ==Dispensing== with the annoying ==niceties== of multilateral partnerships and foreign aid brings a kind of clarity to international relations, showing where the real muscle is, like ==a strip-down== before a wrestling match. Set loose, the U.S. might be strong enough to work its will on weaker friends and neighbors, or at least claim to do so. Trump’s threat of tariffs to intimidate Colombia into allowing ==deportation== flights to land there was like the assault on USAID—an easy demonstration project. His domination of the propaganda sphere allows him to convince the public of victories even where, as with Canada, there was never much of a dispute to begin with. If NATO dissolved while the U.S. grabbed Greenland, many Americans would regard it as a net win: We’d save money and gain a strategic chunk of the North Atlantic while freeing ourselves of an obligation whose benefit to us wasn’t entirely clear.

It isn’t obvious why funding the education of oppressed Burmese students serves our national interest. It’s easier to see the advantages of strongarming weak countries into giving in to our demands. If this creates ==resentment== , well, who said gratitude mattered between nations? Strength has its own attractive force. A sizable ==cohort== of Americans have made their peace with Trump, not because he tempered his cruelty and checked his abuses but because he is at the height of his power and is using it without restraint. This is called power worship. The Russian invasion of Ukraine won Vladimir Putin a certain admiration in countries of the global South, as well as among MAGA Americans, while Joe Biden’s appeals to democratic values seemed ==pallid== and hypocritical. The law of “might makes right” is the political norm in most countries. Trump needs no explaining in Nigeria or India.

Coercion also depends on the American people’s ==shortsightedness== and ==incuriosity== .Trump’s flood of executive orders and Musk’s assault on the federal government are intended to create such chaos that not even the insiders most affected understand what’s happening. An inattentive public might simply see a Washington melee—the disrupters against the bureaucrats. Short of going to war, if the U.S. starts behaving like the great powers of earlier centuries and the rival powers of our own, how many Americans will notice a difference in their own lives?

According to Rubio, the purpose of the aid pause is to weed out programs that don’t advance “core national interests.” Gawande compared the process to stopping a plane in midair and firing the crew in order to conduct a review of the airline industry. But the light of the ==bonfire== burning in Washington makes it easier to see how soft power actually works—how most aid programs do serve the national interest. Shutting down African health programs makes monitoring the recent outbreak of Ebola in Uganda, and preventing its spread from that region to the rest of the world, nearly impossible. In many countries, the end of aid opens the door wider to ==predatory== Chinese loans and propaganda. As one USAID official explained: “My job literally was countering China, providing development assistance in a much nicer, kinder, partnership way to local people who were being pressured and had their arms twisted.” When 70 Afghan students in central Asia, mostly women, had their scholarships to American universities suddenly suspended and in some cases their plane tickets canceled, the values of freedom and open inquiry lost a bit of their attractiveness. The American college administrator responsible for the students told me, “Young people who are sympathetic to the United States and share our best values are not only not being welcomed; they’re having the door slammed in their faces.”

Most Americans don’t want to believe that their government is taking life saving medicine away from sick people in Africa, or betraying Afghans who sacrificed for this country. They might disapprove of foreign aid, but they want starving children to be fed. This native ==generosity== explains why Trump and Musk have gone to such lengths to ==clog== the internet with falsehoods and hide the consequences of their cruelty. The only obstacle to ending American soft power isn’t Congress, the bureaucracy, or the courts, but public opinion.

One of the country’s most popular programs is the resettlement of refugees. For decades, ordinary American citizens have welcomed the world’s most ==persecuted== and desperate people—European Jews after World War II, Vietnamese after the fall of ==Saigon== , Afghans after the fall of Kabul. Refugees are in a separate category from most immigrants: After years of waiting and ==vetting== by U.S. and international agencies, they come here legally, with local sponsors. But Trump and his adviser Stephen Miller see them as no different from migrants crossing the southern border. The flurry of executive orders and memos has halted the processing of all refugees and ended funding for resettlement. The story has received little attention.

Here’s what the program’s shutdown means: I spoke with an Afghan special-forces captain who served alongside Americans— when Kabul was about to fall in 2021, he prevented armed Taliban at the airport from seizing U.S. weaponry, but he was left behind during the evacuation.

Arrested by the new regime, the captain was imprisoned for seven months and suffered regular and severe torture, including the ==amputation== of a ==testicle== . He managed to escape with his family to Pakistan in 2023 and was near the end of being processed as a refugee when Trump took office. He had heard Trump criticize the Biden administration for leaving military equipment behind in Afghanistan. Because he had worked to prevent that from happening, he told me, “that gave me a hope that the new administration would value my work and look at me as a valuable person, a person who is aligned with all the administration is hoping to achieve, and that would give a chance for my kids and family to be moved out safely.” Biden’s ==ineptitude== ==stranded== the captain once;

Trump’s ==coldheartedness== is doing it again.

A sense of loyalty and compassion isn’t ==extraneous== to American identity; it is at the core of national pride, and its betrayal exacts a cost that can’t be easily measured. The Biden administration created a program called Welcome Corps that allows ordinary Americans to act as resettlement agencies. (My wife and I participated in it.) In Pennsylvania, a retiree named Chuck Pugh formed a sponsor group to bring an Afghan family here, and the final medical exam was completed just before Inauguration Day. When resettlement was abruptly ended, Pugh found himself wondering, Who are we? I know what I want to think, but I’m just not sure. The sponsor group includes Pugh’s sister, Virginia Mirra. She and her husband are ==devout== Christians and ==ardent== Trump supporters. In early February, when I asked her how she felt about the suspension of the refugee program, she sounded surprised, and disappointed—she hadn’t heard the news. “I feel sad about that,” she said. “It does bother me. It’s starting to sink in. With these people in danger, I would wonder if there would be an exception made for them. How would we go about that?” Her husband frequently sends American-flag lapel pins to Trump, and I suggested that he write the president about the Afghan family. “I will talk to my husband tonight,” Mirra said. “And I will continue to pray that the Lord will protect them and bring them to this country by some means. I do believe in miracles.”

Vocabulary, phrases and sentences

Words Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
dismantle 拆除;拆卸;废除 /dɪsˈmæntl/
repurpose 将…用于新的目的;重新利用 /ˌriːˈpɜːrpəs/
roll them up 把它们卷起来 /rəʊl ðem ʌp/
be rife with corruption 充满腐败 /biː raɪf wɪð kəˈrʌpʃn/
polio 小儿麻痹症 /ˈpəʊlioʊ/
whiz 能手;专家 /wɪz/
seize 没收;查封 /siːz/
be placed on indefinite leave 被无限期停职 /biː pleɪst ɒn ɪnˈdefɪnət liːv/
pseudonym 笔名;假名 /ˈsjuːdənɪm/
authoritarian 独裁主义的;专制的 /ɔːˌθɒrəˈteəriən/
civil servant 公务员 /ˈsɪvl ˈsɜːvənt/
bare - bone 最低限度的 /ˈbeə bəʊn/
dismemberment 肢解;分割;瓜分 /dɪsˈmembəmənt/
veteran 老兵;老手;退伍军人 /ˈvetərən/
brutal 残忍的;野蛮的;冷酷的 /ˈbruːtl/
a curtain fall over the public information 对公众信息的掩盖 /ə ˈkɜːtn fɔːl ˈəʊvə ðə ˈpʌblɪk ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
outpour 倾泻;流出;流露 /ˈaʊtpɔː(r)/
distortion 扭曲;变形;失真;曲解 /dɪˈstɔːʃn/
outright 完全地;彻底地;公然地 /ˈaʊtraɪt/
falsehood 谎言;虚假;不实 /ˈfɔːlshʊd/
grant 奖学金 /ɡrɑːnt/
wrecking crew 破坏小组;拆除队 /ˈrekɪŋ kruː/
inclusion 包容 /ɪnˈkluːʒn/
genocide 种族灭绝;大屠杀 /ˈdʒenəsaɪd/
orthodoxy 正统观念;正统做法;正教 /ˈɔːθədɒksi/
terminology 术语;专门用语 /ˌtɜːmɪˈnɒlədʒi/
contest 争辩;质疑 /ˈkɒntest/ (动词)/ˈkɒntest/(名词)
champion 支持;捍卫 /ˈtʃæmpiən/(名词)/ˈtʃæmpiən/(动词)
executioner 刽子手;行刑者 /ˈeksɪkjuːʃənə(r)/
waiver 放弃;弃权;豁免 /ˈweɪvə(r)/
heedlessness 不注意;粗心大意 /ˈhiːdləsnəs/
wrecker 破坏者;肇事者;使船遇难的人 /ˈrekə(r)/
statutory 法定的;法规的;依照法令的 /ˈstætʃətri/
skeletal 骨骼的;骨瘦如柴的;梗概的 /ˈskelɪtl/
humanitarian 人道主义的;博爱的;慈善的 /hjuːˌmænɪˈteəriən/
envision 想象;设想;展望 /ɪnˈvɪʒn/
blitzkrieg 闪电战 /ˈblɪtskriːɡ/
bomber 轰炸机;投弹手 /ˈbɒmə(r)/
defenseless 无防御能力的;无助的 /dɪˈfensləs/
assault 攻击;袭击;突击 /əˈsɔːlt/
eviscerate 取出内脏;切除;彻底摧毁 /ɪˈvɪsəreɪt/
pluralism 多元主义;多元论;多元化 /ˈplʊərəlɪzəm/
postwar 战后的 /ˈpəʊstwɔː(r)/
coercion 强制;强迫;高压政治 /kəʊˈɜːʃn/
leviathan Leviathan 海中怪兽;庞然大物 /lɪˈvaɪəθən/
a fat target 一个容易攻击的目标 /ə ˈfæt ˈtɑːɡɪt/
wage 开展;发动;进行;工资 /ˈweɪdʒ/(动词)/ˈweɪdʒ/(名词)
counterinsurgency 反叛乱;平叛 /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈsɜːdʒənsi/
toasted the repressive 为镇压者干杯(这里意译就是支持镇压者) /ˈtəʊstɪd ðə rɪˈpresɪv/
shah (伊朗)国王 /ʃɑː/
antagonize 使对抗;使敌对;引起…的敌意 /ænˈtæɡənaɪz/
arrogance 傲慢;自大 /ˈærəɡəns/
bloat 使膨胀;使肿胀;肿胀;臃肿;膨胀 /ˈbləʊt/
chastened 受到惩罚后变得克制的; chastise(惩罚)的过去分词 /ˈtʃeɪsnd/
a plus - size Norway 一个大号挪威(形象说法,指左派幻想的像挪威那样温和的美国) /ə ˈplʌs saɪz ˈnɔːweɪ/
isolationist 孤立主义的 /ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃənɪst/
messianic 有救世主情结的;弥赛亚的 /ˌmesiˈænɪk/
superpower 超级大国 /ˈsuːpəpaʊə(r)/
enlightened 开明的;有见识的 /ɪnˈlaɪtnd/
selfinterest 自身利益 /ˈself ˈɪntrəst/
benign 良性的;和蔼的;温和的 /bɪˈnaɪn/
efficacy 功效;效力;效能 /ˈefɪkəsi/
slander 诽谤;诋毁 /ˈslændə(r)/
imperialist 帝国主义的 /ɪmˈpɪəriəlɪst/
unilaterally 单方面地 /ˌjuːnɪˈlætrəli/
disarm 解除武装;裁军;使无害 /dɪsˈɑːm/
gut 取出内脏;毁坏内部;勇气;胆量;直觉 /ˈɡʌt/
transactional 交易的;事务性的 /ˈtrænzækʃənl/
dispense 分配;分发;施予;执行;免除 /dɪˈspens/
nicety 细微之处;精确性;美好 /ˈnaɪsəti/
a strip - down 精简;缩减 /ə ˈstrɪp daʊn/
deportation 驱逐出境;放逐 /ˌdepɔːˈteɪʃn/
resentment 怨恨;愤恨 /rɪˈzentmənt/
cohort 一群人;一组;同生群 /ˈkəʊhɔːt/
pallid 苍白的;暗淡的;无生气的 /ˈpælɪd/
shortsightedness 近视;目光短浅 /ˈʃɔːtsaɪtɪdnəs/
incuriosity 无好奇心;不感兴趣 /ˌɪnkjʊəriˈɒsəti/
bonfire 篝火;营火 /ˈbɒnfaɪə(r)/
predatory 掠夺性的;食肉的;捕食性的 /ˈpredətri/
clog 堵塞;阻塞 /ˈklɒɡ/
persecuted 受迫害的;persecute(迫害)的过去分词 /ˈpɜːsɪkjuːtɪd/
Sigon 西贡(可能是特定名称) /ˈsaɪɡən/
vet 审查;检查;诊疗;兽医;老兵 /ˈvet/(动词)/ˈvet/(名词)
amputation 截肢;切断 /ˌæmpjuˈteɪʃn/
impetitude 急躁;鲁莽 /ɪmˈpetɪtjuːd/
strand 使搁浅;使滞留;线;股;缕 /ˈstrænd/
devout 虔诚的;笃信宗教的;热忱的 /dɪˈvaʊt/
ardent 热情的;热烈的;炽热的 /ˈɑːdənt/

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Ireland’s Contribution to English

Nearly everyone knows that countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are primarily English-speaking countries; that is, English is the mother tongue used in these countries. What is less well known is that English is also the mother ==tongue== in countries such as the Republic of Ireland (officially called Eire), Barbados, Jamaica, Trinidad, and Guyana. Among these latter few, the Irish have made contributions to the English language in both its ==lexicon== and literature which can ==be considered second to none== .

==Virtually== every aspect of English literature has been graced by the writings of the Irish. This fact is all the more amazing because Ireland is a relatively small country, with never more than four million people throughout its long history. Yet many great “English” writers were indeed born and often raised in Ireland, though many, too, immigrated to the United Kingdom at some point in their lives. Among these pillars of English literature were Jonathan Swift, William Butler Yeats, James Joyce, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, and Edmund Burke. Many other lesser-known figures have ==punctuated== English literature as well. These men’s contributions to the English language and to Western thought in general are ==immeasurable== . A review of two of these writers’ major works will reveal why.

Jonathan Swift (1667 -1745) by most reckoning is the best English-language satirist ever, and one of the world’s greatest as well. Born in Ireland of English parents, Swift went to school there through his bachelor’s degree (Trinity College, Dublin, capital of Ireland). Thereafter he frequently Traveled between England and Ireland, including years spent at Oxford College, where he earned his master’s degree. Swift wrote a great deal of poetry, but he is best regarded as a ==prose== ==satirist== . He wrote ==prolifically== both in Ireland and England, nearly constantly shuttling from one to the other. In Ireland he worked on Gulliver’s Travels, which he later had published in England in 1726. Already famous by that time, Swift would become ==immortalized== with this last great work. What child does not know the story of the brave sailor Gulliver as he travels through lands in which he is at turn both a giant and a ==midget== ? Yet most readers are not aware of Swift’s intent to satirize the political, academic, and religious leaders of his time. Read either way, Swift’s genius as a writer of English cannot be denied.

A giant of English Theater was George Bernard Shaw(1856 - 1950) . Born in Dublin, Shaw moved to England with his family when he was 20 and stayed there for most of the rest of his long life. His early fiction writing was so poor that he could not find a publisher. Only when he began to work as a ==playwright== did his ==fortunes== improve. Among the many, many plays for which Shaw is famous, perhaps his most lasting (though not his most critically acclaimed) is Pygmalion (1916), the story of a language teacher who attempts to” civilize” a young ==prostitute== by training her to speak correctly. If this story sounds familiar, it should: ==Pygmalion== was later filmed winning on Oscar for Shaw and later again transformed into the highly popular Broadway musical My Fair Lady (1956). A good story never dies: the original Pygmalion has since been updated in the hit movie Pretty woman (1990) starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts. As with Shakespeare, many of Shaw’s plays are continually restaged or rewritten into new media because Shaw wrote on many themes which touch on the human condition, ==independent of time and space== .

Among the ==constellation== of Irish talents, perhaps Swift and Shaw are two among the more brilliant stars, but much more could be written of those mentioned above and many others. Though English literature written by the British suffices as an eternal and shining ==canon== of literature, it would be nonetheless ==dimmer== without the considerable talents of its Irish contributors

Vocabulary & Idioms

  • tongue——语言
  • lexicon——全部词汇
  • be second to none——无人出其右
  • virtually——几乎
  • punctuate——不时打断
  • immeasurable——不可估量的
  • prose——散文
  • immortalize——永垂不朽
  • midget——侏儒
  • playwright——剧作家
  • fortune——前途
  • prostitute——妓女
  • Pygmalion——《茶花女》
  • independent of time and space——独立于时间和空间
  • constellation——星座
  • canon——精品
  • dimmer——暗淡的

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NASA’s first software engineer: Margaret Hamilton - Matt Porter and Margaret Hamilton

At roughly 4 PM on July 20, 1969, ==mankind was just minutes away from landing on the surface of the moon== .

But before the astronauts began their final ==descent== , an emergency alarm lit up.

Something was ==overloading== the computer and threatened to ==abort the landing== .

Back on Earth, Margaret Hamilton held her breath.

She’d led the team developing the pioneering in-flight software, so she knew this mission ==had no room for error== .

But the ==nature== of this last-second emergency would soon prove her software was working exactly as planned.

Born 33 years earlier in Paoli, Indiana, Hamilton had always been ==inquisitive== .

In college, she studied mathematics and philosophy before taking a research position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to pay for grad school.

Here, she encountered her first computer while developing software to support research into the new field of chaos theory.

Next, at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory, Hamilton developed software for America’s first ==air defense system== to search for enemy aircraft.

But when she heard that renowned engineer Charles Draper was looking for help sending mankind to the moon, she immediately joined his team.

NASA ==looked to== Draper and his group of over 400 engineers to invent the first ==compact== digital flight computer, the Apollo Guidance Computer.

Using input from astronauts, this device would be responsible for guiding, navigating, and controlling the spacecraft.

At a time when unreliable computers filled entire rooms, the AGC needed to operate without any errors and ==fit in one cubic foot of space== .

Draper divided the lab into two teams: one for designing hardware and one for developing software.

Hamilton led the team that built the ==on-board== flight software for ==both the Command and Lunar Modules== .

This work, for which she ==coined== the term “software engineering,” was incredibly ==high stakes== .

==Human lives were on the line== , so every program had to be perfect.

Margaret’s software needed to quickly detect unexpected errors and recover from them in real time.

But this kind of adaptable program was difficult to build, since early software could only process jobs in a ==predetermined== order.

To solve this problem, Margaret designed her program to be “ ==asynchronous== ,” meaning the software’s more important jobs would interrupt less important ones.

Her team assigned every task a unique priority to ensure that each job occurred in the correct order and at the right time—regardless of any surprises.

After this breakthrough, Margaret realized her software could help the astronauts work in an ==asynchronous== environment as well.

She designed ==Priority Displays== that would interrupt astronauts’ regularly scheduled tasks to warn them of emergencies.

The astronaut could then communicate with Mission Control to determine the best path forward.

This marked the first time flight software communicated directly—and asynchronously—with a pilot.

It was these ==fail-safes== that triggered the alarms just before the lunar landing.

Buzz Aldrin quickly realized his mistake—he’d ==inadvertently== flipped the ==rendezvous== radar switch.

This radar would be essential on their journey home, but here it was using up vital computational resources.

Fortunately, the Apollo Guidance Computer was well equipped to manage this.

During the overload, the software restart programs allowed only the highest priority jobs to be processed—including the programs necessary for landing.

The Priority Displays gave the astronauts a choice: to land or not to land.

With minutes to spare, Mission Control gave the order.

The Apollo 11 landing was about the astronauts, Mission Control, software, and hardware all working together as an integrated system of systems.

Hamilton’s contributions were essential to the work of engineers and scientists inspired by President John F. Kennedy’s goal to reach the Moon.

And her life-saving work ==went far beyond== Apollo 11—no bugs were ever found in the in-flight software for any crewed Apollo missions.

After her work on Apollo, Hamilton founded a company that uses its unique universal systems language to create breakthroughs for systems and software.

In 2003, NASA honored her achievements with the largest financial award they’d ever given to an individual.

And 47 years after her software first guided astronauts to the moon, Hamilton was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for changing the way we think about technology. # Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Words Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
mankind was just minutes away from landing on the surface of the moon
descent
overload
abort the landing
had no room for error
nature
inquisitive
air defense system
look to
compact
fit in one cubic foot of space
on-board
both the Command and Lunar Modules
coin
high stake
Human lives were on the line
predetermined
asynchronous
priority display
fail-safe
inadvertently
rendezvous
went for beyond
Words Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
mankind was just minutes away from landing on the surface of the moon 人类距离登上月球表面只有几分钟了 /ˈmæŋkaɪnd wəz dʒʌst ˈmɪnɪts əˈweɪ frəm ˈlændɪŋ ɒn ðə ˈsɜːfɪs ɒv ðə muːn/
descent 下降;降落;血统 /ˈdiːsent/
overload 使超载;使负担过重 /ˈəʊvələʊd/
abort the landing 中止着陆 /əˈbɔːt ðə ˈlændɪŋ/
had no room for error 没有犯错的余地 /ˈhæd nəʊ ruːm fɔːr ˈerə(r)/
nature 自然;本性;性质 /ˈneɪtʃə(r)/
inquisitive 好奇的;好问的 /ɪnˈkwɪzətɪv/
air defense system 防空系统 /ˈeə(r) dɪˈfens ˈsɪstəm/
look to 指望;依靠;注意 /ˈlʊk tuː/
compact 紧凑的;紧密的;简洁的 /ˈkɒmpækt/
fit in one cubic foot of space 能装进一立方英尺的空间 /ˈfɪt ɪn wʌn ˈkjuːbɪk fuːt ɒv speɪs/
on-board 在船上;在飞机上;在板上 /ˈɒnˈbɔːd/
both the Command and Lunar Modules 指挥舱和登月舱 /ˈbəʊθ ðə kəˈmɑːnd ænd ˈluːnə(r) ˈmɒdjuːlz/
coin 硬币;创造(新词语) /ˈkɔɪn/
high stake 高风险;高赌注 /ˈhaɪ steɪk/
Human lives were on the line 人的生命危在旦夕 /ˈhjuːmən laɪvz wəz ˈɒn ðə laɪn/
predetermined 预先确定的;预定的 /ˈpriːdɪˈtɜːmɪnd/
asynchronous 异步的 /ˈeɪsɪŋkrənəs/
priority display 优先级显示 /ˈpraɪˈɒrəti dɪˈspleɪ/
fail-safe 故障安全的;自动防故障的 /ˈfeɪlˈseɪf/
inadvertently 不经意地;无意中 /ˌɪnədˈvɜːtəntli/
rendezvous 会合;约会地点 /ˈrɒndɪvuː/
went far beyond 远远超出

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The Delights of South Island

One of the odder coincidences of physical geography is the fact that there are two double islands, roughly the same size, positioned at each other’s antipodes, or farthest-distant point. The islands of England and Ireland in the Northern Hemisphere and the islands of North Island and South Island in the southern Hemisphere are just such a coincidence. The first two islands comprise the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (or Eire), and the second two islands comprise New Zealand. Among these four islands, there can be no doubt that South Island is the least polluted and most spectacularly scenic of them all.

There is much competition to make such a claim. The island of England, politically constituting England, Scotland, and Wales of the United Kingdom, is dotted with country villages set alongside rivers and lakes. There are not very tall but nonetheless rugged mountains in the north, and endless miles of rocky coastline that seem mystical. Ireland, too, is a paradise of greenery, with far fewer people than populous England and even more quaint villages scattered among its low-lying hills and forever green fields. North Island in New Zealand sports a balmy climate and the beaches to make use of it; one beach alone is more than 150 kilometers long and with relatively few people on its shores, one can pretend one is at the very end of the earth. Volcanoes, large lakes, and quickly flowing rivers traverse the land. Given the beauty of these three islands, what makes South Island so special?

Plenty. For those who like mountains, South Island is sure to please. Mt. Cook at 3764 meters is its highest peak, with 16 others above 3000 meters. Naturally, many local and foreign mountain climbers come here for the challenge of these Southern Alps. In addition, there is an extensive glacier system, endless forests, and innumerable lakes throughout this highland area. Some of the world’s best mountain scenery is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps.

Perhaps you prefer the sea? South Island is not only an island, but many tiny islets can be found off its coastline. Great deep-sea fishing, scuba diving, and snorkeling can be had, though the waters here are cooler than those of North Island. (Remember, in the Southern Hemisphere, as we go north, it gets warmer.)As fewer people live on South Island than on North Island, those who crave solitude and pristine beaches will be amazed at their luck here. With almost no heavy industry on South Island, the air, water, and land are all free of pollution. The Local seafood is therefore clean, plentiful, and never-ending.

Do healthful climates interest you? South Island is the place to be. Its temperate climate sees little snow except in the highlands and mountainous areas. Like Ireland and England, there are no extremes of temperature, either. Summers are warm, not hot, and winters are brisk rather than freezing. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the abundant rainfall of this area. Every season invites the nature lover to get out and be active in the countryside.

Of course, South Island is not for everyone. For those who need busy, crowded, noisy, and polluted cities, this Southern outpost will surely disappoint. For those who enjoy pressure and stress, South Island will leave them empty-handed. And for those who would rather stay at home or in an office in front of a computer screen or in the thumping, smoke-filled dance floors of discos, some of the world’s best natural scenery will never entice them away. For the rest of us, though, South Island is the world’s best kept secret. If Nature’s paradise sounds alluring, make a point of visiting South Island.

One of the odder coincidences of physical geography is the fact that there are two double islands, roughly the same size, positioned at each other’s antipodes, or farthest-distant point. The islands of England and Ireland in the Northern Hemisphere and the islands of North Island and South Island in the southern Hemisphere are just such a coincidence. The first two islands comprise the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (or Eire), and the second two islands comprise New Zealand. Among these four islands, there can be no doubt that South Island is the least polluted and most spectacularly scenic of them all.

自然地理中一个较为奇特的巧合是,世界上存在着两组大小相近的双岛,它们分别位于彼此的对映点,也就是地球的两极。北半球的英格兰和爱尔兰群岛以及南半球的新西兰南北二岛就是这样的巧合。前两者构成了联合王国和爱尔兰共和国,后两者则组成了新西兰。在这四个岛屿中,南岛无疑是污染最少且风景最为秀丽的。

对于谁才是风景最秀丽的岛屿,各方竞争激烈。政治上构成英国的英格兰岛,遍布着点缀在河流和湖泊之畔的乡村。北部有虽不高耸却崎岖的山脉,以及绵延无尽、神秘莫测的岩石海岸线。爱尔兰也是一片绿意盎然的乐土,人口远少于人口密集的英格兰,其低洼的丘陵和终年翠绿的田野间散布着更多古雅的村落。新西兰的北岛气候宜人,还有诸多可供享受的海滩;仅一个海滩就长达150多公里,而且海岸线上人相对较少,让人仿佛置身于世界尽头。岛上有火山、大湖泊和湍急的河流。鉴于这三个岛屿的美丽,那么南岛究竟有何特别之处呢?

特别之处可多了。对于喜爱山脉的人来说,南岛绝对会让他们心满意足。库克山海拔3764米,是其最高峰,还有另外16座山峰海拔超过3000米。自然而然地,许多国内外的登山者都来到这里挑战南阿尔卑斯山脉。此外,这片高地地区还有广阔的冰川系统、无垠的森林和无数的湖泊。在长达500公里的南阿尔卑斯山脉中,能领略到一些世界上最棒的山地风光。

或许你更喜欢大海?南岛不仅是一个岛屿,其海岸线外还有许多小岛屿。这里有绝佳的深海捕鱼、水肺潜水和浮潜条件,尽管这里的海水比北岛的海水更凉爽。(记住,在南半球,越往北走,气候越温暖。)由于南岛的人口比北岛少,那些渴望独处和纯净海滩的人会在这里惊喜地发现自己运气真好。南岛几乎没有重工业,空气、水和土地都没有污染。因此,当地的海鲜干净、丰富且源源不断。

有益健康的气候吸引你吗?南岛就是这样的地方。除了高地和山区,这里气候温和,降雪很少。和爱尔兰、英格兰一样,这里也没有极端的气温。夏天温暖但不炎热,冬天凉爽但不寒冷。这片地区充沛的降雨有时会让新鲜空气变得湿润。每个季节都吸引着热爱大自然的人到户外去,在乡村尽情活动。

当然,南岛并非适合所有人。对于那些需要繁忙、拥挤、嘈杂和污染城市的人来说,这个南方前哨肯定会让他们失望。对于那些喜欢压力和紧张的人来说,南岛也不会给他们带来满足感。而对于那些宁愿待在家里或办公室对着电脑屏幕,或者在迪斯科舞厅震耳欲聋、烟雾弥漫的舞池里的人来说,世界上一些最棒的自然风光永远无法吸引他们离开。然而,对于我们其余的人来说,南岛是世界上最隐秘的瑰宝。如果大自然的天堂听起来很诱人,一定要去游览一下南岛。

自然地理中一个较为奇特的巧合是,世界上存在着两组大小相近的双岛,它们分别位于彼此的对映点,也就是地球的两极。北半球的英格兰和爱尔兰群岛以及南半球的新西兰南北二岛就是这样的巧合。前两者构成了联合王国和爱尔兰共和国,后两者则组成了新西兰。在这四个岛屿中,南岛无疑是污染最少且风景最为秀丽的。 ## Vocabulary & Idioms - odder——奇怪的 - physical geography——自然地理学 - there are two double islands——有两对岛屿 - antipodes——对跖地 - hemisphere——半球 - be dotted with——点缀着 - rugged——崎岖的 - mystical——神秘的 - quaint——古雅的 - low-lying——低洼的 - balmy——温和的 - traverse——穿过 - Alps——阿尔卑斯山 - islet——小岛 - scuba——水肺 - snorkeling——潜水 - never-ending——永无止境的 - brisk——轻快的 - outpost——边远地区 - empty-handed空手 - thumping——砰砰响的 - entice——引诱 - make a point of + V-ing——必定,总是要做 - On the first day of each month I make a point of paying my rent in person.

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Bridget Jones Never Gets Old

Bridget Jones, as a character, has always hovered uncomfortably between ==the hard light of reality and the rosy glow of romance== . When she first appeared, in newspaper columns written by the British journalist Helen Fielding during the mid-1990s, the 30- something Bridget was claimed as a ==totem== of woman ==hood== at the time: a calorie-counting, self-improvement-obsessed, chain-smoking, ==wine-guzzling singleton== (a ==neologism== Fielding ==immortalized== ); an ==earnest== ==vassal== of Cosmo culture and the embodiment of ==fearmongering== Newsweek coverage about the plight of unmarried career girls. With Bridget, Fielding “articulated the traumas of a generation,” the writer Alain de Botton observed.

But when Bridget’s diary ==entries== were published in book form, in 1996, her true narrative ==arc== was revealed. It didn’t chart a postmodern Gen X nightmare. It was lovingly ==cribbed== from Pride and Prejudice. The most notorious single woman of an era, as her fans learned in the book and its 1999 ==sequel== , and from the movies they inspired in 2001 and 2004, would be largely protected by the ==tired== old ==trappings== of the marriage plot: She would ==bag== her Mr. Darcy and live happily ever after—with a few ==detours== —in his ==dreamy== ==detached== house in Holland Park.

Her ==trajectory== over the next decade-plus (in another round of newspaper columns; another book; and a third movie, Bridget Jones’s Baby, in 2016, not based on a book) certainly had its ==requisite== ==stumbles== . But the character was ==steadied== throughout by the ==Texan== actor Renée Zellweger as the very English Bridget, an unpredictably brilliant piece of ==casting== that just works.

On paper, Bridget can be ==compellingly== hard to ==pin down== , ==inconstant== and ==ironic== , ==messily self-aware== , undeniably human. Early on, she ==cops== to highly compromised feminist principles: She will not “ ==sulk== about having no boyfriend, but develop inner ==poise== and authority and sense of self as woman of substance, complete without boyfriend, as best way to obtain boyfriend.” On-screen, though, Zellweger makes her all heart, ==guileless== as a ==toddler== , impossibly hopeful and ==lovably== absurd. Whatever cards she’s dealt—not least professional ==humiliation== and an accidental pregnancy (paternity unclear, thanks to separate one-night stands and a box of expired ==eco-friendly condoms== )—she ==muddles== through with ==gusto== . We know that Bridget will get her happy ending; this is just about the last romantic-comedy ==franchise== standing. But Zellweger makes us also deeply want her to win, formulaic predictability be damned.

Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy, an adaptation of the ==slapdash== third novel that starts ==streaming== on Peacock on February 13, keeps the ==trope-laden structure== , but finds surprising depth in a devastating plot twist. Bridget, now in her 50s, is single once again: Her beloved husband, Mark Darcy (played in grand ==metafictional== form by an actor who played the other Mr. Darcy, Colin Firth), has died while on a ==humanitarian== mission in Sudan, leaving Bridget to raise their two children alone. The book uses Mark’s death mostly as a narrative device to launch Bridget, with her typically obsessive energy, into ==cougardom== : She starts dating a ==hunky== man in his late 20s named— ==inanely== —Roxster, which exposes Bridget to a whole new range of body-image issues, and exposes Roxster to her children’s head ==lice== .

The movie, though, is more interested in documenting Bridget’s loss, and in the process, it presents a more honest and moving version of her than we’ve seen before. How will the last cockeyed optimist in popular culture deal with such desolation? ==Widowhood== is no laughing matter, parenting alone even less so—though we have to laugh at Bridget burying her face in the ==fridge== to curse, and being surprised by her son’s ==uptight== science teacher while buying an astonishing variety of ==contraceptives== . ==Pathos== ==underpins== the plot. “Do you miss Dada sometimes?” Mabel, Bridget’s daughter, asks her in the movie. “I miss him all of the times,” Bridget replies.

==Grief== is a tough sell for a ==rom-com== , which is maybe why the movie has marketed itself as something more timely, once again positioning Bridget as representative of her moment. Cinema lately has been consumed with what viewers call the “ ==age-gap romance== ,” or, less ==decorously== , the “MILF setup.” In 2024’s The Idea of You, Anne Hathaway plays a divorcée not unlike Bridget in her ==ditziness== , who ==careens== her way into a love affair with a handsome British ==boy-bander== . In two separate movie projects within the space of a year, A Family Affair and Babygirl, Nicole Kidman ==parses== the power differentials at play when older women find ==fulfillment== with younger men.

Bridget’s adventures with the age gap are characteristically sweet and ==laced== with ==goofiness== : When she meets Roxster, she’s shinnying up a tree that both of her children have managed to get stuck in. When he later messages her on Tinder, it’s via an account that her friends have set up: “Tragic Widow Seeks Sexual Awakening.” ==Mortification== , for Bridget, is only ever a degree or two removed from triumph.

Yet Mad About the Boy, for all its familiar, delightful notes, is also ==wincingly== ==astute== regarding modernday dynamics, good and bad, for women of Bridget’s age. When her friends encourage her to pursue Roxster, the idea is plausible not just because Zellweger is still ==luminously== ==endearing== in ==midlife== , but because the world really has changed: Women can date men a decade or more younger ==without inciting mass hysteria== . But they’ve remained undesirable in other ways: Bridget works as a producer for a daytime TV show where formerly ==hard-hitting== female news reporters now ==gush== their way through ==cooking segments== and ==softball interviews== . For female journalists over a certain age, “HDTV was an ==extinction-level== event,” Bridget’s friend Talitha ==mutters== .

The tension between sharp contemporary ==verisimilitude== and ==age-old romantic archetype== helps explain why Bridget ==potters== on while so many other ’90s heroines have fallen by the wayside. (Remember Ally McBeal? She of the ==miniskirts== and the ==catfights== and the ==ludicrous== workplace dilemmas?) The book version of Bridget has come in for ==derision== as an embarrassing relic of ==postfeminism== , screwing up even the most basic personal and professional tasks, and fixated on her thigh ==circumference== and her office crushes. In 2023, a New York Times retrospective finally declared her “ ==nuttiness== and ==self-loathing== ” to be well past its expiration date for modern readers. Yet her movie comebacks continue to be irresistible, in part because no one is more aware of her failings than Bridget herself.

Crucially, she never lets her ==self-critique== shake a confidence lodged someplace inside her (even if she’s not quite sure where). The academic Kelly A. Marsh has argued that despite her ==ongoing== preoccupation with becoming better, Bridget at her core represents, through all her phases, the victory of self-acceptance. She flourishes not just because of the love stories that the novels’ framing forces on her, but thanks to the faithful love of her friends and her own ==stouthearted== spirit.

There’s something ==poignant== , too, about seeing Zellweger in the role, despite all the ==indignities== the actor has suffered along the way—the 2000 cover shoot for Harper’s Bazaar, rudely shelved because Zellweger had gained weight for the role and was deemed too fat for a fashion magazine; the ==tabloid== coverage declaring her “ ==scary skinny== ” when she then duly dieted; the discourse about her changing face, so rabid and intrusive that she had to strike it down in a personal essay for HuffPost. At 55, Zellweger is in what Germaine ==Greer== once cited as a decade of new “invisibility” for women—a phenomenon that Bridget herself analyzes in her diary. And yet here they both are: ==undaunted== , blond, adorable, enduring, changing the world by refusing to ==shrink away from it== . That, as Bridget might say, is v.v. good to see.

Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Words Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
the hard light of reality and the rosy glow of romance 现实的刺眼光芒与浪漫的 rosy 光辉 /ðə hɑːd laɪt ɒv riˈæləti ænd ðə ˈrəʊzi ɡləʊ ɒv ˈrəʊmæns/
totem 图腾 /ˈtəʊtəm/
hood 风帽;兜帽;(汽车发动机的)罩;(非法团伙成员常戴的)头罩 /hʊd/
wine-guzzling singleton 酗酒的单身人士 /ˈwaɪn ˈɡʌzlɪŋ ˈsɪŋɡltən/
neologism 新造词;新词 /niːˈɒlədʒɪzəm/
immortalize 使不朽;使永存;纪念 /ɪˈmɔːtəlaɪz/
earnest 认真的;诚挚的;热切的 /ˈɜːnɪst/
vassal 附庸;臣属;诸侯 /ˈvæsl/
fearmonger 散布恐惧者;制造恐慌者 /ˈfɪəmʌŋɡə(r)/
entry 进入;入口;参赛作品;条目 /ˈentri/
arc 弧;弧形(物);电弧;弧光 /ɑːk/
crib 婴儿床;抄袭;剽窃 /krɪb/
sequel 续集;续篇;后续的事 /ˈsiːkwəl/
tired 疲倦的;累的;厌烦的 /ˈtaɪəd/
trapping (动物的)皮毛;陷阱;圈套;伏击 /ˈtræpɪŋ/
detour 绕道;弯路;迂回路 /ˈdiːtʊə(r)/
dreamy 梦幻般的;轻柔的;恍惚的;心不在焉的 /ˈdriːmi/
detached 分开的;分离的;超然的;冷漠的 /dɪˈtætʃt/
trajectory 轨道;轨迹;弹道 /trəˈdʒektəri/
requisite 必要的;必不可少的;必需品 /ˈrekwɪzɪt/
stumble 绊脚;跌跌撞撞地走;蹒跚;犯错;失足 /ˈstʌmbl/
steady 稳定的;平稳的;持续的;坚定的;使稳定 /ˈstedi/
texan 得克萨斯州的;得克萨斯州人 /ˈteksən/
casting 铸造;铸件;投;掷;选派角色 /ˈkɑːstɪŋ/
compellingly 引人注目地;令人信服地 /kəmˈpelɪŋli/
pin down 确定;查明;准确描述;迫使明确表态 /ˈpɪn daʊn/
inconstant 无常的;多变的;反复无常的 /ɪnˈkɒnstənt/
ironic 具有讽刺意味的;反讽的 /aɪˈrɒnɪk/
messily self-aware 凌乱地自我意识 /ˈmesəli ˈself əˈweə(r)/
cop 警察;抓住;逮捕 /ˈkɒp/
sulk 生闷气;愠怒 /ˈsʌlk/
poise 沉着;镇定;泰然自若;姿势;姿态 /ˈpɔɪz/
guileless 诚实的;坦率的;不狡诈的 /ˈɡaɪlləs/
toddler 学步的幼儿 /ˈtɒdlə(r)/
lovably 可爱地 /ˈlʌvəbli/
humiliation 羞辱;耻辱;蒙羞 /hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃn/

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Who’s Your Mommy?

In the spring of 2022, I was 36 years old and jumping up and down in my bathroom, trying to ==figure out== my future. I had ordered ==a fertility test== online that said it would provide fast results with just a few drops of blood. The videos on the company’s website featured a smiling blond woman jumping—to stimulate blood flow, naturally—and then ==e­ffortlessly== ==dribbling== blood from her nger tips all over a little strip of test paper. All I had to do was be like her. Joyful. ==Sanguineous== . Fertile.

For years, my husband, Rich, and I had ==gingerly== walked the prime ==meridian== between wanting and not wanting kids, usually leaning toward the “no” side. Having a baby had seemed un a­ ordable and impossible. On days when I nished work at 8 p.m., the thought of ==procreating== made me laugh, then ==shudder== .

Recently, though, I’d begun to reconsider. I was in the midst of an ==admittedly== strange-sounding project: I was spending a year trying to change my personality. According to a scientific personality test I’d taken, I scored sky-high on ==neuroticism== , a trait associated with anxiety and depression, and low on ==agreeable== ==ness== and ==extroversion== . I lived in a constant, ==clenched== state of dread, and it was poisoning my life. My therapist had stopped laughing at my jokes.

But I had read some scientific research suggesting that you can change your personality by behaving like the kind of person you wish you were. Several studies show that people who want to be, say, less isolated or less anxious can make a habit of socializing, meditating, or journaling. Eventually these habits will come naturally, ==knitting== together to form new traits.

I knew that becoming a parent had the potential to change me in even more profound ways. But I had no idea how. My own mother once said to me, “I can’t picture you as a mother.” The truth was, neither could I.

I wasn’t sure I could get pregnant, even if I wanted to. My age put me in a category that was, in a less delicate time, called “ ==geriatric== ” for pregnancy, and one doctor told me my eggs were probably of “poor quality.” The fertility test I’d ordered was meant to determine if those eggs were ==serviceable== . In the bathroom, I unwrapped the ==glossy== white box. The instructions said the test would take 20 minutes and require a pack of ==lancets== . I grabbed one and ==stabbed== it into my geriatric forefinger. Two hours, five lancets, and a ==graveyard== of ==gauze== and alcohol wipes later, I still hadn’t squeezed a single ==droplet== out of my finger. Was I not jumping high enough? Was I already failing as a mother?

I was worried I wouldn’t be able to have a baby. I was also scared to death of having one.

Arguably, many things are wrong with me. I was raised by Russian immigrants who constantly worried that the “ ==dark day== ” was upon us, so hopeful thoughts about the future of humanity don’t come naturally. I’m not a person who is a­ ected by cuteness. I’ve never liked holding—or even really looking at—other people’s babies. I don’t like animals. I couldn’t imagine ==cooing== and smiling at a baby as much as science says you’re supposed to for their brain development.

My neuroticism made it especially hard to decide if I wanted kids, because no process is more ==rife== with uncertainty than parenting, and nothing scares anxious people more than uncertainty. I worried that Rich and I would ght more, and that our relationship would su­ er. I worried about sleep ==deprivation== . I felt ==torn== between my lifelong conviction that people shouldn’t create problems for themselves and my (apparent) desire to do just that.

I would wake up in the middle of the night and Google things like percent ==miscarriage== pregnant while 36?; anxiety pregnancy miscarriage causes; Diet Coke fetal defects; pregnancy brain stops working hands stop working. These searches surfaced ==horrific== ==anecdotes== , but never any conclusive answers about what I should do. One time, I Googled reasons to have kids and found an article that labeled all the reasons I had come up with—like being cared for in old age and having someone who loves me—with the heading “Not-So-Good Reasons to Have Children.”

But then I would remember the times we visited Rich’s mom, who had ==dementia== , in her nursing home. ==Her face lit up at the sight of him== . “My son, my son, my only son,” she’d say, grabbing his arm. He was the only person she still recognized. The visits were a reminder that the people who matter most at the end are your children. The readers of your blog posts won’t make the trip.

Heather Rackin, a sociologist at Louisiana State University, found in a study that the death of a mother or sibling increased the likelihood that a woman would give birth within two years. The e proximity of death is, perhaps, ==a wake-up call== . Who will remember us? The study was based on Rackin’s personal experience: When her father died in 2017, she decided not to wait any longer to have kids. His death got her thinking, she told me, about what was important in life: the experience of being loved and the chance to provide that love for someone else. Her rst child was born in 2019.

There are many reasons to postpone or avoid having children— the cost, the responsibility, ==the existence of and use case for the NoseFrida== . But in addition to the practical challenges, a narrative has taken hold: Everything changes when you become a mother.

Once they reach their 30s, many people have carefully cultivated friend groups and ==sourdough== starters and five-year plans. They “really have a good sense of who they are, and then having a baby totally disrupts everything that they thought they knew about themselves,” says Lauren Ratli  , a ==perinatal== therapist in Illinois. Of course, this is where I di  er from the rest of my ==cohort== . By the time I was ready to have a baby, I’d already been trying to disrupt everything about myself.

For my personality-change project, I had experimented with science- backed strategies to turn down my neuroticism and ==amp== up my ==extroversion== and ==agreeableness== . I had spent hundreds of hours trying out different ==iterations== of ==mindfulness== , culminating in a day-long meditation retreat that almost killed me with boredom but somehow ==alleviated== my depression. Among other agreeableness-boosting activities, I traveled to London for a “conversation workshop,” where I learned techniques that can make even British people show an emotion. And to become more extroverted, I went out as much as humanly possible. I played table tennis. I did ==improv== , and survived.

For the most part, my efforts worked: I no longer thought of talking with people as a waste of time. I became less afraid of uncertainty and disappointment. I made one very good new friend. I drank less.

I had been changing, but it was a type of change that I directly determined. I could go to happy hour, or not. I could meditate, or stop. I was aware that ==parenthood== would ==transform me further== , but what I found unsettling was that I couldn’t know exactly how. Bizarrely, for the biggest disruption of your life, study after study shows there’s no “typical” way that becoming a parent changes your personality. Some studies have found tiny average decreases in extroversion or openness among new parents— but even those findings aren’t consistent.

Despite my progress, I was still too ==neurotic== to feel comfortable ==surrendering== control and letting biology ==mold== me into someone I couldn’t predict and might not recognize.

After doctors pronounced me insufficiently fertile, Rich and I decided to just stop being careful one month and see what happened. We figured we would at least have some fun before we ==embarked== on our ==arduous== “fertility journey.”

A short time later, on a ==choppy== boat tour in Europe, I couldn’t stop ==leaning over== the edge of the ==catamaran== and ==hurling== .

“Do you think you might be pregnant?” Rich whispered ==as the boat crew force-fed me pita bread== .

“Don’t be ==insane== ,” I said. Everyone knows that 37-year-olds— especially infertile ones—don’t get pregnant on their first try.

A week after that, I found out that I had indeed gotten pregnant on my first try.

Being pregnant means having your brain replaced with an anxiety T-shirt cannon. I didn’t feel ==glowy== or ==goddessy== ; I felt crazy. None of my friends has kids, and many of them reacted to my news like I’d gotten a face ==tattoo== . One sent me a TikTok of everything that can ==supposedly== go wrong in pregnancy, including the possibility that ==vomit== will come out of your eyes. (It won’t.) I spent more and more time by myself, obsessing over which ==swaddles== were best. (We didn’t end up using any.)

Thanks to ==a king tide of hormones== , ==irritability== ==spikes== during the first and last ==trimesters== of pregnancy. People say your baby will remember the sounds they hear in the ==womb== , but I fear mine detected little in there other than me screaming at his father. Every few weeks, something would ==set me off== , at a deafening volume. If they’d ==overheard== me, those couples therapists who say ==contempt== is the most glaring sign of a failed relationship would probably have advised us to start ==divvying== up our furniture.

Sometimes when I was yelling, being so mean felt amazing— as though I’d finally ==engulfed== Rich in my distress. Obviously you need a travel ==stroller== and a regular stroller! I always apologized, and Rich always accepted my apology. But one time he said, “You know that with a kid, ==that’s not really something you can take back, right?== ” Sometimes, late at night, after yet another argument, I would rotate my ==spheroid== belly toward Rich and ask, “What if I turn out to be a bad mother?”

The rest of the pregnancy was horrible. I didn’t think it was possible to feel so tired and still be technically alive. At my baby shower, when some friends asked me how I was feeling, I quoted the Russian ==dissident== Boris Nadezhdin responding to a question about whether he feared ==imprisonment== or death: “The ==tastiest== and the sweetest years of my life are already in the past.” (This is is the closest Russians get to excited.)

Three weeks before my due date, after a routine ultrasound, my high-risk ob-gyn walked briskly into the room. She looked around for something to sit on and, finding nothing, ==plopped down on top of a closed trash== can. She told me that something was wrong with my ==placenta== , and that the baby was in danger. And that I should now ==walk over to the delivery wing of the hospita== l.

==In the antechamber of the operating room== , I ==hyperventilated== in my paper gown and tapped out emails to all my sources and ==bosses== : I’m having an emergency C-section today, so I won’t be available for the next few months. My last day of caring whether people were mad at me.

Afterward, while ==the medical residents== were rearranging my ==innards== , I thought I heard one of them ask me something.

“I’m sorry, I don’t know what’s going on down there at all,” I said across the blue curtain.

“That’s … probably for the best,” the resident said.

HE CAME OUT with white hair, a perfectly round face, and a ==grumpy== expression, like the leader of a former Yugoslav republic. I called him “Slobodan” a couple of times, until Rich told me to stop.

Because he was early, we panic-picked a name from our shortlist— Evan. The same day he was born, doctors ==whisked== him away to the ==NICU== ; I saw him only a few times before we were all sent home days later. My ==discharge paperwork== said, “Mom is ==breastfeeding== four or five times a day,” which was funny because at that point I had not done it successfully even once. It was also funny because I—quite possibly the least qualified person for the job—was apparently “Mom.”

Once home, we entered the period we now refer to as “Cute Abu Ghraib.” ==Sleep deprivation== ==addled== me to the point that, on a call with the ==pediatrician== , I forgot the baby’s name. When Evan was two weeks old, I ==bit into a piece of chicken== and tasted something ==bloody== and sharp. I had ground my teeth so hard during his NICU stay that I’d ==loosened a crown== .

We ==agonized== over whether the ==gyrations== of the SNOO Smart Sleeper Bassinet would rattle his brain too much, then grew too exhausted to care. I became the CEO of Baby Inc., and Rich was employee No. 1; we communicated only about ==ointments== and ==ounces== . I finally had the big ==boobs== of my dreams, but the only man who saw them was two feet tall and couldn’t read.

But then something interrupted the misery. One night, I was holding Evan while he was sleeping. I had read that singing to your baby was beneficial, so I decided to ==serenade== him with one of the few songs I know by heart: “Forever and Ever, Amen,” by Randy Travis. Except I couldn’t seem to get through the fourth line: “This is love that I feel for you always will be.” I, a bad bitch who has never cried at a wedding, kept choking up.

Rich asked me if I was okay.

“Whatever!” I said, ==tears rolling down my cheeks== . “Shut up!”

I thought ==motherhood== would be a forced march through inert ==babyhood== and ==feral== ==toddler== years before we finally reached the golden time of my imagination: having a talking, ==precocious== elementary schooler. But there I was, flooded with adoration for someone who barely registered my presence. I’d hated being pregnant, so I thought I would hate having a baby, too. But I loved him. I loved this.

Recall the research showing there’s no one way that parenthood tends to change people’s personalities. Anecdotally, researchers told me that they do notice certain patterns among new parents. Most moms worry about their kid, more or less constantly, from the minute they find out they’re pregnant. “ ==Signing up to be a parent is signing up to have a lifetime of some degree of depression and anxiety== ,” Ratliff , the therapist, told me.

New parents’ satisfaction with their romantic relationship goes down, especially for mothers, and especially in the first year. “ ==Guilt is another universal== ,” says Aurélie Athan, a clinical psychologist at Columbia University’s Teachers College, who researches the transition known as “ ==matrescence== .” ==The creeping sense== that you should be with your kid while you’re working and working while you’re with your kid apparently never goes away.

She told me that mothers become more ==attuned== and ==prosocial== — more caring and empathetic toward others. Athan said this is why so many mothers cry when their babies cry and have a hard time watching ==gory== movies. “Moms get a really bad taste in their mouth with violent television or looking at images of war,” she said.

That’s where she lost me. My son had ==colic== ; for the first four months, he screamed like the possessed unless he was within the ==jiggly confines of his SNOO== . The ==doula== we hired referred to him, alternately, as “Mr. Cheeks,” “Mr. Crab,” and, ==sarcastically== , “Mr. Wonderful.” If I had cried every time he cried, I wouldn’t have had time to do anything else.

Eventually, Rich and I grew desensitized, or felt like we had to match his chaotic energy with equally intense ==stimuli== . One night, after Evan ==wailed== in our ears for two hours, we shuffed downstairs and collapsed onto the couch. There was only one thing we could think to watch that would serve as a ==comedown== from what had just happened: Saving Private Ryan.

“Did you remember to ==sterilize== the pump parts?” I asked Rich as the ==entrails== of American soldiers ==spilled out== over the beaches of Normandy.

“The sterilizer thing broke, so I had to reset it,” he said as a man stumbled around ==with his arm blown off== .

Even within these supposedly universal rules of parenthood, that is, there’s a lot of variability. That’s because life events like parenthood seem to change everyone di erently, and how you’ll change is, in part, up to you. For a recent study, Ted Schwaba, a psychologist at Michigan State University, and his co-authors asked thousands of Dutch people about a life event in the past 10 years, such as a divorce or a new job, that they felt had changed who they were as a person. About 7 percent of the participants identified parenthood as the event that changed them, and on average, they felt that it had made them slightly more agreeable and ==conscientious== .

But ==the big takeaway== for Schwaba, from looking at all the data for all the different types of life events, was that there really was no pattern. Some people became more ==extroverted== when they got a new job. Some became less so. Some people actually became less neurotic— that is, less depressed and anxious— after, say, a cancer diagnosis.

To Schwaba, this research suggests that it’s how you experience an event such as parenthood, more than the event itself, that determines how you’ll change. “The same event, like getting divorced, might be someone’s worst thing that’s ever happened to them, and for someone else, it might be the best thing that’s ever happened to them,” he told me.

Or your personality might change not immediately after an event like childbirth, but through a long process that the event sets in motion. It’s not the cry you hear in ==the delivery room== that changes you; it’s the many years of researching child care and ==soothing boo-boos== that gradually turn you into someone new. To change, you have to take steps every day to do so. Having a baby won’t make you a better person. Behaving like a better person for your baby will.

Of all the things I wanted motherhood to change about me, neuroticism was high on the list. Before I had Evan, I felt like I was personally responsible for ==making life unfold perfectly== , and whenever I “failed” to do so, ==I had a meltdown== . One day a few years ago, I got a bad haircut, ==got stuck in traffic== , and had professional photos taken that looked terrible. My response to this—what my new-parent eyes now see as an 8-out-of-10 day—was to ==chug half a bottle of wine== and scream to my husband through sobs, “I hate everyone and everything!”

But now so much goes wrong every single day that there’s no time to get upset about any one thing. I recently took a flight with Evan by myself, an exercise that really underscores the first Noble Truth of Buddhism (life is su­ ering). As I ==hauled== the car seat, the stroller, the baby, the diaper bag, and the ==trendy== , impractical tote from my childless years to the TSA line, an airline attendant took one look at me and said, “I know; it is too much.”

In the middle of the flight, I noticed that the two bottles of formula Evan nervously drank during takeo­ had caught up with him, and that ==he was now soaked with pee== . I grabbed him under the ==armpits== and ==scooted== across the seats to change him in the airplane’s ==postage-stamp-size bathroom== . With one hand, I held him, crying, on the ==changing table== , and with the other, I dug a clean onesie out of the bottom of the diaper bag. I fastened a million tiny onesie buttons. Then I saw that I had ==misaligned== them and fastened them again. Next it was my turn. I couldn’t leave him on the changing table, or put him on the disgusting floor. I ==yanked my leggings down== and held him at arm’s length as I ==peed== .

By the end of that ==ordeal== , I felt accomplished and capable. I didn’t feel like sobbing; ==I felt like high-fiving myself== . I’ve let go in other ways, too. I show up at important meetings without makeup on. I say weird stu­ff to strangers and don’t analyze it obsessively later. Evan has forced me to step outside myself, to break from the relentless self-focus that has contributed to both my success and my unhappiness.

My remaining neuroses are ==laser-directed== on his well-being. I had initially planned not to breastfeed, but once I started, I got so into it that when a doctor suggested that Evan would spit up less if I cut food ==allergens== from my diet, I stopped eating virtually anything but oats and ==spinach for months== . When I was pregnant, we’d ==signed the unborn Evan up for day care== , but as the end of my ==maternity== ==leave loomed== , I embarked on a frantic search for a ==nanny== so he could stay close to me while I worked from home. I had always mentally mocked parents who checked to be sure their babies were still breathing at night, then found myself standing in front of his crib at 3 a.m., feeling for ==puffs of air from two tiny nostrils== .

I yell at Rich less than I used to, because not only is he employee No. 1 of Baby Inc., but he’s the only employee, and frankly there are no other applicants for the job. In fact, the whole experience has made me kinder and more tender, like the Grinch, post–heart enlargement. I’m less worried about wasting time, because all time with a baby is essentially wasted—the most important nothing you’ll ever do in your life. I even love Evan’s wet, violent “kisses,” which leave his baby-teeth imprints on our jaws. When my friend Anton visited recently, he watched me make ==horsey== noises for Evan for what probably felt like hours. “I can’t believe you love an infant!” he said.

During my interview with Ratli­ , I told her that Evan had lately been losing interest in breastfeeding. I had awaited this day through months of ==bleeding nipples and frustration== , but now that it was here, it was making me a bit sad. “Your baby’s moving to the next stage,” she alarmed, “and this one is not going to come back again.” I started ==tearing up== —both at the memory of those bleary, milk-soaked months together and at the realization that he wouldn’t even be a baby for much longer.

During my personality-change experiment, my meditation teacher had tried to hammer home the idea that “ ==this too shall pass== ” is both ==uplifting== and sad: Nothing bad lasts forever, but neither does anything good. Before I had Evan, I was focused on ==impermanence== ’s upsides: This uncomfortable improv show will end; this awful pregnancy will too. But now I’m more keenly aware of its downsides. The sleepless nights will end, but so too will the times Evan squeals at a game of peekaboo, or spends an entire swim class gazing up at me in awe. Every day brings a sigh of relief and a pang of nostalgia. Having someone who loves you, I’ve decided, is a good reason to have kids.

Olga Khazan is a staff writer at The Atlantic. The is essay was adapted from her forthcoming book, Me, but Better: The Science and Promise of Personality Change.

Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Word Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
figure out 弄清楚,想出 /ˈfɪɡjə aʊt/
a fertility test 生育能力测试 /ə fəˈtɪləti test/
effortlessly 毫不费力地 /ˈefətlsli/
dribble 使滴下;滴流 /ˈdrɪbl/
gingerly 小心翼翼地 /ˈdʒɪndʒəli/
meridian 子午线;经络 /məˈrɪdiən/
procreate 生育;繁殖 /ˈprəʊkreɪt/
shudder 颤抖;战栗 /ˈʃʌdə(r)/
admittedly 诚然;公认地 /ədˈmɪtɪdli/
neuroticism 神经质;神经过敏 /ˌnjʊəˈrɒtɪsɪzəm/
agreeable 令人愉快的 /əˈɡriːəbl/
extroversion 外向性;外向性格 /ˌekstrəˈvɜːʃn/
clench 紧握;咬紧 /ˈklentʃ/
knit 编织;针织;使紧密结合 /ˈnɪt/
geriatric 老年的;老年医学的 /ˌdʒeriˈætrɪk/
serviceable 有用的;耐用的 /ˈsɜːvəbl/
glossy 光滑的;有光泽的 /ˈɡlɒsi/
lancet 柳叶刀;刺血针 /ˈlɑːnsɪt/
stab 刺;戳;刺痛 /ˈstæb/
graveyard 墓地;坟场 /ˈɡreɪvjɑːd/
gauze 纱布;薄纱 /ˈɡɔːz/
droplet 小滴 /ˈdrɒplət/
dark day 黑暗的日子 /ˈdɑːk deɪ/
cooing 轻声咕咕叫;温柔低语 /ˈkuːɪŋ/
rife 流行的;普遍的;充斥着 /ˈraɪf/
deprivation 剥夺;匮乏 /ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/
torn 撕裂的;破损的 /ˈtɔːn/
miscarriage 流产;小产 /ˈmɪskærɪdʒ/
horrific 可怕的;恐怖的 /ˈhɒrɪfɪk/
anecdote 轶事;奇闻 /ˈænɪkdəʊ/
dementia 痴呆 /ˈdemənʃə/
Her face lit up at the sight of him 她一见到他,脸上就露出了喜色。 /hɜː feɪs lɪt ʌp æt ðə saɪt ɒv hɪm/
a wake-up call 警钟;叫醒电话 /ə ˈweɪk ʌp kɔːl/
the existence of and use case for NoseFrida NoseFrida(一种吸鼻器)的存在和使用案例 /ðə ɪɡˈzɪstəns ɒv ænd juːs keɪs fɔː(r) ˈnəʊz friːdə/
sourdough 酸面团;全麦面包 /ˈsaʊədəʊ/
perinatal 围产期的 /ˌperiˈneɪtl/
cohort 一群人;一组;队列 /ˈkəʊhɔːt/
amp up 提高;放大;增强 /ˈæmp ʌp/
agreeableness 宜人;和蔼可亲 /əˈɡriːəblnəs/
iteration 迭代;重复 /ˌɪtəˈreɪʃn/
mindfulness 正念;专注 /ˈmaɪndflnəs/
alleviate 减轻;缓解 /əˈliːvieɪt/
improv 即兴表演 /ˈɪmprɒv/
parenthood 父母身份;亲子关系 /ˈpeərənhʊd/
transform me further 进一步改变我 /ˈtrænsfɔːm miː ˈfɜːðə(r)/
neurotic 神经质的;神经过敏的 /ˈnɜːrɒtɪk/
surrendering 投降;屈服;交出 /ˈsʌrəndərɪŋ/
mold 模具;霉菌;塑造 /ˈməʊld/
embark 上船;着手;开始 /ˈembɑːk/
arduous 艰巨的;费力的 /ˈɑːdjuəs/
choppy 波涛汹涌的;不连贯的 /ˈtʃɒpi/
lean over 俯身;倾斜 /ˈliːn ˈəʊvə(r)/
catamaran 双体船 /ˌkætəməˈræn/
hurl 猛投;猛掷;大声说出 /ˈhɜːl/
as the boat crew force-fed me pita bread 当船员强迫我吃皮塔饼时 /æz ðə bəʊt kruː ˈfɔːs fed miː ˈpiːtə bred/
insane 疯狂的;精神错乱的 /ˈɪnˈseɪn/
glowy 发光的;红润的 /ˈɡləʊi/
goddessy 如女神般的 /ˈɡɔdəsi/
tattoo 纹身;刺青 /ˈtætuː/
supposedly 据说;据推测 /ˈsəʊpəʊzɪdli/
vomit 呕吐;吐出 /ˈvɒmɪt/
swaddles 襁褓;包裹 /ˈswɒdlz/
a kind tide of hormones 一股温和的荷尔蒙潮 /ə kaɪnd taɪd ɒv ˈhɔːməʊnz/
irritability 易怒;过敏 /ˌɪrɪtəˈbɪləti/
spike 尖状物;穗;激增 /ˈspaɪk/
trimester 三个月;孕期的三个月 /ˈtraɪmestə(r)/
womb 子宫 /ˈwuːm/
set me off 使我开始;使我发作 /ˈset miː ˈɔːf/
overhear 无意中听到;偷听 /ˈəʊvəˈhɪə(r)/
contempt 轻视;蔑视 /ˈkəntempt/
divvy 分配;分摊 /ˈdɪvi/
engulf 吞没;吞噬 /ˈɪnˈɡʌlf/
stroller 婴儿车;散步者 /ˈstrəʊlə(r)/
that’s not really something you can take back 那可不是你能收回的事情 /ˈðæts nɒt ˈriːəli ˈsʌmθɪŋ juː kæn ˈteɪk bæk/
spheroid 球体;类球体 /ˈsfɪərɔɪd/
dissident 持不同政见者;异议者 /ˈdɪsɪdənt/
imprisonment 监禁;关押 /ˈɪmˈprɪznmənt/
tastiest 最美味的 /ˈteɪstɪɪst/
plop down on top of a closed trash 扑通一声坐在一个关闭的垃圾桶上 /ˈplɒp daʊn ˈɒn tɒp ɒv ə ˈkləʊzd træʃ/
placenta 胎盘 /ˈplæsntə/
walk over to the delivery wing of the hospital 走到医院的产房区 /ˈwɔːk ˈəʊvə(r) tuː ðə dɪˈlɪvəri wɪŋ ɒv ðə ˈhɒspɪtl/
In the antechamber of the operating room 在手术室的前厅 /ˈɪn ðə ˈæntiˌtʃeɪmbə(r) ɒv ðə ˈɒpəreɪtɪŋ ruːm/
hyperventilate 换气过度;呼吸急促 /ˈhaɪpəˈventɪleɪt/
the medical resident 住院医生 /ˈðə ˈmedɪkl ˈrezɪdənt/
innard 内脏;内部 /ˈɪnəd/
grumpy 脾气暴躁的;易怒的 /ˈɡrʌmpi/
whisk 拂;挥动;迅速带走 /ˈwɪsk/
NICU 新生儿重症监护室 /ˈnɪkjuː/
discharge paperwork 出院文件 /ˈdɪstʃɑːdʒ ˈpeɪpəweɪk/
breastfed 母乳喂养的 /ˈbrestfed/
sleep deprivation 睡眠剥夺 /ˈsliːp ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/
addle 使混乱;使糊涂;使变质 /ˈædl/
pediatrician 儿科医生 /ˌpiːdiəˈtrɪʃn/
bit into a piece of chicken 咬了一口鸡肉 /ˈbɪt ˈɪntuː ə ˈpiːs ɒv ˈtʃɪkɪn/
bloody 血腥的;流血的;该死的 /ˈblʌdi/
loosen a crown 松开牙冠 /ˈluːsn ə ˈkraʊn/
agonize 感到极度痛苦;苦苦思索 /ˈæɡənaɪz/
gyration 旋转;回转 /ˌdʒaɪˈreɪʃn/
ointment 药膏;油膏 /ˈɔɪntmənt/
ounce 盎司;少量 /ˈaʊns/
boob 乳房;蠢材 /ˈbuːb/
serenade 小夜曲;唱小夜曲 /ˈserəneɪd/
tear rolling down my cheeks 泪水顺着我的脸颊滚落 /ˈteə(r) ˈrəʊlɪŋ daʊn maɪ ˈtʃiːks/
motherhood 母亲身份;母性 /ˈmʌðəhʊd/
babyhood 婴儿期;幼儿期 /ˈbeɪbihʊd/
feral 野生的;未驯化的 /ˈferəl/
toddler 学步的儿童;蹒跚学步者 /ˈtɒdlə(r)/
precocious 早熟的 /ˈpriːkəʊʃəs/
Signing up to be a parent is signing up to have a lifetime of some degree of depression and anxiety 报名成为父母意味着报名要经历某种程度的一生的抑郁和焦虑。 /ˈsaɪnɪŋ ˈʌp tuː biː ə ˈpeərənt ɪz ˈsaɪnɪŋ ˈʌp tuː hæv ə ˈlaɪftaɪm ɒv səm dɪˈɡriː ɒv dɪˈpreʃn ænd æŋˈzaɪəti/
guilt is another universal 内疚是另一个普遍存在的 /ˈɡɪlt ɪz əˈnʌðə(r) ˈjuːnɪvɜːsl/
masterscence 这个词可能有误,你想问的可能是“mastery”,意为“精通;掌握” /ˈmɑːstəri/
the creeping sense 那种逐渐蔓延的感觉 /ˈðə ˈkriːpɪŋ sens/
attune 使协调;使适应 /ˈəˈtjuːn/
prosocial 亲社会的 /ˈprəʊˈsəʊʃl/
gory 血腥的;暴力的;令人毛骨悚然的 /ˈɡɔːri/
colic 绞痛;疝气 /ˈkɒlɪk/
jiggly confines of his SNOO 他那摇晃的SNOO婴儿床 /ˈdʒɪɡli ˈkɒnfaɪnz ɒv hɪz ˈsnuː/
doula 助产士;导乐 /ˈduːlə/
sarcastically 讽刺地;挖苦地 /ˈsɑːˈkæstɪkli/
stimuli 刺激物;刺激因素(复数形式) /ˈstɪmjəlaɪ/
wailed 哀号;痛哭 /ˈweɪld/
comedown 衰落;落魄;药效消退 /ˈkʌmdəʊn/
sterilize 消毒;使绝育;使贫瘠 /ˈsterəlaɪz/
entrail 内脏;肠 /ˈentreɪl/
spill out 溢出;涌出 /ˈspɪl aʊt/
with his arm blown off 他的手臂被炸掉了 /ˈwɪð hɪz ˈɑːm ˈbləʊn ˈɔːf/
conscientious 认真的;尽责的 /ˈkɒnʃiˈenʃəs/
the big takeaway 最重要的收获 /ˈðə ˈbɪɡ ˈteɪkəweɪ/
extroverted 外向的 /ˈekstrəvɜːtɪd/
the delivery room 产房 /ˈðə ˈdɪlɪvəri ruːm/
soothing boo-boos 抚慰伤痛 /ˈsuːðɪŋ ˈbuːbuːz/
make life unfold perfectly 让生活完美展开 /ˈmeɪk ˈlaɪf ˈʌnfəʊld ˈpɜːfɪktli/
I had a meltdown 我情绪崩溃了 /ˈaɪ hæd ə ˈmeltdaʊn/
chug half a bottle of wine 大口喝了半瓶酒 /ˈtʃʌɡ hɑːf ə ˈbɒtl ɒv ˈwaɪn/
get stuck in traffic 被困在交通堵塞中 /ˈɡet ˈstʌk ɪn ˈtræfɪk/
haule 这个词可能有误,你想问的可能是“haul”,意为“拖;拉;运送” /ˈhɔːl/
trendy 时髦的;流行的 /ˈtrendi/
he was now snaked with pee 他现在被尿弄得到处都是 /ˈhiː wəz naʊ ˈsneɪkt wɪð ˈpiː/
armpit 腋窝 /ˈɑːmpɪt/
scoot 迅速移动;溜走 /ˈskuːt/
postage-stamp-size-bathroom 邮票大小的浴室 /ˈpəʊstɪdʒ stæmp saɪz ˈbɑːθruːm/
changing table 换尿布台 /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ teɪbl/
misaligned 未对齐的;错位的 /ˈmɪsəˈlaɪnd/
yank my leggings down 猛地拉下我的紧身裤 /ˈjæŋk maɪ ˈleɡɪŋz daʊn/
peed 撒尿(过去式和过去分词) /ˈpiːd/
ordeal 折磨;严峻考验 /ˈɔːdiːl/
I felt like high-fiving myself 我想给自己击掌 /ˈaɪ felt laɪk ˈhaɪ faɪvɪŋ maɪˈself/
laser-directed 激光制导的 /ˈleɪzə daɪˈrektɪd/
allergent 这个词可能有误,你想问的可能是“allergen”,意为“过敏原” /ˈælədʒən/
spinach for months 几个月的菠菜 /ˈspɪnɪdʒ fɔː(r) ˈmʌnθs/
signed the unborn Evan up for day care 为未出生的埃文报名参加日托 /ˈsaɪnd ði ˈʌnˈbɔːn ˈevən ˈʌp fɔː(r) ˈdeɪ keə(r)/
maternity 产妇的;孕妇的;产科的 /məˈtɜːnəti/
leave loom 产假临近 (loom有“逼近”的意思,这里推测是leave is looming,表示产假即将来临,你这里原词可能有误,如果不是这个意思,请你纠正) /ˈliːv luːm/
nanny 保姆;奶妈 /ˈnæni/
puff 吸;抽(香烟、烟斗等);吹气;喘息 /ˈpʌf/
air from two tiny nostrils 来自两个小鼻孔的空气 /ˈeə(r) frəm tuː ˈtaɪni ˈnɔstrɪlz/
horsey 马的;像马的;爱马的(常用于儿语) /ˈhɔːsi/
bleeding nipples and frustration 乳头流血和挫折感 /ˈbliːdɪŋ ˈnɪplz ænd frʌˈstreɪʃn/
tear up 撕碎;流泪 /ˈteə(r) ˈʌp/
this too shall pass 这一切也会过去的 /ˈðɪs tuː ˈʃæl pɑːs/
uplift 振奋;提高;举起 /ˈʌplɪft/
impermanence 无常;暂时性;不 permanence /ɪmˈpɜːmənəns/ (这个词本身是名词,没有动词形式,你这里原词permanence是名词“永久,持久”,前面加im - 构成反义词“无常”)

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Why don’t Companies Want you to Repair your Stuff?

For centuries, to build any device, ==artisans== had to ==painstakingly== cut every ==screw== , ==bolt== , or ==nut== by hand.

But all this changed in the 1790s, when British ==metalworker== Henry Maudslay developed this highly precise ==lathe== .

Suddenly, ==these previously handmade components could be reproduced mechanically and at scale== .

This may seem like a simple innovation, but it had a profound effect on the world.

The standardization of these parts helped ==usher== in the Industrial Revolution.

From cars to home appliances, the 20th century was ==defined== by mass production and readily available ==interchangeable== parts.

This made repairing items relatively easy.

If your shower head ==gasket== failed or the hose for your washing machine ==sprang a leak== , a hardware store likely carried replacements.

Today, interchangeable parts are as important as ever for mass production.

However, some companies are working hard to prevent consumers from ==swapping out== components on their own.

In many cases, repair can only be done by the original manufacturer, ==if at all== .

With limited repair options available, we end up buying new and throwing more items out.

This is especially true for electronics.

In 2022, we discarded about 62 million tons of e-waste, along with billions of dollars’ worth of precious metals inside them.

So how exactly do companies prevent repair?

Some make it physically more difficult to fix items.

They can glue parts in place rather than using screws.

Others limit the information they share with consumers, like blocking public access to product information and ==schematics== .

During the pandemic, for instance, when hospitals struggled to maintain breaking medical equipment, the repair company iFixit compiled a comprehensive database of repair manuals for hospitals to use.

==Yet manufacturers like Steris fought for them to be taken down== .

Yet perhaps the most important, yet least obvious, way companies limit repair is by preventing the interchangeability of parts.

In a process known as parts pairing, companies assign individual parts like screens, batteries, or sensors a unique serial number.

The device’s internal software can then detect if those components are replaced and limit their functionality as a result.

If you swap the screen on two ==brand== new iPhones, for example, the automatic ==brightness== adjustment will no longer work.

In other cases, unauthorized replacements can cause the device to stop functioning altogether.

If a farmer uses an independent shop to repair certain parts in a John Deere tractor, it won’t operate until a company technician ==authenticates== the new part using authorized software.

With only a limited number of company technicians available, this can easily create a ==bottleneck== , costing farmers precious time and money, and even jeopardizing crops.

Manufacturers can also use software to give devices ==predetermined== ==end-of-life dates== , after which they no longer receive important updates and slowly become unusable.

All this gives manufacturers unprecedented control over the products we buy and limits the way we repair them.

Critics ==liken== these tactics to a form of planned ==obsolescence== , a manufacturing strategy where a product is deliberately designed to fail to keep both demand and profits high.

But companies pose two main arguments in defense of these practices.

First, they claim that giving consumers and third-party repair shops access to their software could create ==cybersecurity== risks.

They also argue that they could be ==liable== if a product malfunctions after a third party or consumer repair.

A ==shoddy== repair to a medical device, for instance, could have deadly consequences, and the manufacturer could be blamed.

However, major reports, like those from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration, find little support for these company claims.

==Parts pairing and repair-limiting practices== are now being closely ==scrutinized== in courts all over the world, as consumers fight for the right to repair.

States, including Colorado and Oregon, have passed laws banning parts pairing.

Community-led movements have also taken root.

Over 2,500 cities across the globe, from Amsterdam to Boise to Bangalore, have established repair ==cafes== .

Here, people trade and share their knowledge, ==reinvigorating== a culture of repair at a time when it often feels easier to ==toss== our things than fix them.

Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Word Chinese Definition Phonetic Symbol
artisan 工匠,技工 [ˈɑːtɪzn]
painstakingly 煞费苦心地,费力地 [ˈpeɪnzteɪkɪŋli]
screw 螺丝;拧,旋 [skruː]
bolt 螺栓;门闩;突然说出;逃跑 [bəʊlt]
nut 螺母,螺帽;坚果 [nʌt]
metalworker 金属加工工人 [ˈmetlwɜːkə(r)]
lathe 车床 [leɪð]
These previously handmade components could be reproduced mechanically and at scale 这些以前手工制作的部件可以大规模地机械复制
usher 引座员;招待员;引领,带领 [ˈʌʃə(r)]
interchangeable 可互换的,通用的 [ˌɪntəˈtʃeɪndʒəbl]
gasket 垫圈,密封垫 [ˈɡæskɪt]
spring a leak 出现裂缝
swap out 替换,更换
if at all 如果真的能(做某事)的话,表示一种很不确定的语气
schematics 原理图,示意图 [skiːˈmætɪks]
Yet manufacturers like Steris fought for them to be taken down 然而像斯特里思这样的制造商努力争取让它们被下架
brand new 全新 [brænd]
brightness 亮度;明亮;聪明 [ˈbraɪtnəs]
authenticate 鉴定,认证;证明……是真实的 [ɔːˈθentɪkeɪt]
bottleneck 瓶颈;阻碍 [ˈbɒtlnek]
predetermine 预先确定,预先决定 [ˌpriːdɪˈtɜːmɪn]
end-of-life date 使用寿命结束日期
liken 把……比作 [ˈlaɪkən]
obsolescence 过时,淘汰 [ˌɒbsəˈlesns]
cybersecurity 网络安全 [ˈsaɪbəkɪərɪti]
liable 有责任的,可能的 [ˈlaɪəbl]
shoddy 劣质的,粗制滥造的 [ˈʃɒdi]
parts pairing and repair-limiting practices 零件配对和限制维修的做法
scrutinize 仔细检查,审查 [ˈskruːtənaɪz]
cafe 便利商店 [ˈkæfeɪ]
reinvigorate 使恢复活力,使重新振作 [ˌriːɪnˈvɪɡəreɪt]
toss 扔,抛;猛抬(头);摇匀;辗转反侧 [tɒs]

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Table Manners in Anglo-America

“Oh, no! Here I am at an American family’s home at the dinner table. There are all kinds of plates, saucers, cups, and silverware at my place. Which should I use for which food? Should I sit down first or wait for the host to invite me? Should I have brought a gift? Someone please tell me what to do!”

Have you ever been in or had a nightmare about this situation? Don’t worry! This article will help ==steer== you through ==the rocks and reefs== of Anglo-American table manners so that if you are ever abroad in Canada or the United States, or at someone’s home from one of those countries, you will feel right at home.

It is important to distinguish what kind of occasion you will be attending before you plan for a pleasant evening. Most Anglo-Americans enjoy entertaining at home, but they don’t enjoy ==stuffy== , formal dinners. They invite their friends over for a fun evening, not as a test of one’s knowledge of cultural traditions. If, however, you are invited to a formal affair, such as a so-called “sit-down” dinner, you may want to know in advance some basic rules of “black tie” ==etiquette== .

The first thing to remember when attending a dinner at a Western home is that you are the guest and that you are a foreigner. No one will invite you if he does not really want you to enter his “castle;’ so you can be sure that you are wanted. Additionally, as you do not come from the same country or culture as your host, he or she or they will surely be aware of this, and will be very ==forgiving== if you ==unintentionally== do or say something which would otherwise offend them .Keeping these two simple tips in mind should greatly ease your concern about being present at a dinner in someone else’s home.

Before arriving at your host’s home, you may want to make sure of three things. First, be a few minutes late, say, about five to ten minutes if possible. Never be early, as the host may not have everything prepared yet. Nor should you be more than 20 minutes late. Your host may begin to worry about whether you are able to attend the dinner or not. Next, as to whether to bring a gift, in most informal gatherings, it is not necessary. If you like, you can bring some fruit or sweets, or, especially if there is a hostess, some flowers. These are ==thoughtful== cheerful gifts sure to please. Do not bring alcoholic beverages unless you are sure of your host’s or hostess’s preferences in drinks. Above all, do not spend a lot of money, and never give money. As we say in English, ” ==it’s the thought that counts== !’ finally, wear comfortable clothing. One can overdress as well as appear ==sloppy== . For a special occasion or religious holiday, such as a retirement party or Christmas, a tie and jacket would be suitable for the gentlemen and a dress or sweater and skirt for the ladies.

For more formal affairs, you will probably be told what to wear, such as “formal dress requested,” etc. A tie and jacket or ==tuxedo== for the gents and an evening gown for the ladies would be in order here. If you are unsure what to wear, you can always ask the host. Gifts are seldom appropriate for these affairs, unless for a wedding reception, at which gifts are more ==customary== than cash.

Your host in his home will usually ==motion== you where to sit. At formal gatherings, name cards are sometimes provided, or you will be told where to sit. Do not be alarmed by a great deal of ==cutlery== : simply start from the outside and work your way in. Formal affairs often have several courses of food with the appropriate cutlery for each dish. There is no harm in checking with your neighbor to see what ==implement== he is using. After all, ” ==When in Rome, do as the Romans do== :’ It is customary to ask others to pass dishes to you for self-serving; at a formal dinner party, there is usually catering (service). Again, do not hesitate to ask others for information or advice. They are usually pleased to help you.

The most important piece of advice is this: enjoy yourself. No host enjoys seeing nervous or fearful guests who are struggling to “do the right thing” at his home or expensive formal dinner party. Watch others or ask for their advice, and join in the conversation and good times as best you can .If you do, after the first such evening out, you will certainly look forward to the next!

“哦,不!我现在身处一个美国家庭的餐桌旁。我面前摆放着各种各样的盘子、茶碟、杯子和银餐具。吃不同的食物该用哪件餐具呢?我应该先坐下还是等主人邀请呢?我该带个礼物来吗?谁能告诉我该怎么做啊!”

你是否曾经历过这种情况或者做过关于它的噩梦呢?别担心!本文将帮助你避开英美餐桌礼仪的暗礁险滩,这样一来,如果你身处加拿大或美国,或者在来自这两个国家之一的某个人家里,你会感觉宾至如归。

在你为一个愉快的夜晚做准备之前,区分你要参加的是哪种场合很重要。大多数英美人士喜欢在家招待客人,但他们不喜欢古板、正式的晚宴。他们邀请朋友来共度欢乐时光,而不是来考验某人对文化传统的了解。然而,如果你被邀请参加一个正式活动,比如所谓的“坐下来吃”的晚宴,你可能想提前了解一些“黑领结”礼仪的基本规则。

当你在西方人家中参加晚宴时,首先要记住的是你是客人,而且你是个外国人。如果主人不是真心想邀请你进入他的“城堡”,就不会邀请你,所以你可以确定你是受欢迎的。此外,由于你和主人来自不同的国家或文化,他或她或他们肯定会意识到这一点,如果你无意中做了或说了某些否则会冒犯他们的事情,他们会非常宽容。记住这两个简单的要点应该会大大减轻你对在别人家参加晚宴的担忧。

在到达主人家之前,你可能想确认三件事。首先,稍微迟到几分钟,比如说,如果可能的话,大约迟到五到十分钟。绝不要早到,因为主人可能还没有把一切都准备好。你也不应该迟到超过二十分钟。你的主人可能会开始担心你是否能来参加晚宴。其次,关于是否带礼物,在大多数非正式聚会上,这不是必需的。如果你愿意,你可以带些水果或糖果,或者,特别是如果有女主人的话,带些花。这些都是贴心又讨喜的礼物。除非你确定主人或女主人对饮品的喜好,否则不要带酒精饮料。最重要的是,不要花很多钱,而且绝对不要给钱。就像我们在英语里说的,“心意最重要!”最后,穿舒适的衣服。一个人既可能穿得过于讲究,也可能显得邋遢。对于特殊场合或宗教节日,比如退休派对或圣诞节,男士穿领带和夹克会很合适,女士穿连衣裙或毛衣加裙子。

对于更正式的活动,你可能会被告知该穿什么,比如“要求着正装”等等。这里男士穿领带和夹克或无尾礼服,女士穿晚礼服。如果你不确定穿什么,你总是可以问主人。在这些活动中,礼物很少合适,除非是婚礼招待会,在婚礼上送礼物比送现金更常见。

在他家,主人通常会示意你坐在哪里。在正式聚会上,有时会提供名片,或者会告诉你坐在哪里。不要被大量的餐具吓到:只需从外面开始,按顺序往里用。正式活动通常有好几道菜,每道菜都配有合适的餐具。向你的邻座询问他正在使用什么餐具并无坏处。毕竟,“入乡随俗”。按习俗,人们会请别人把菜递给自己以便自取食物;在正式晚宴聚会上,通常会有餐饮服务(侍者服务)。同样,不要犹豫向别人寻求信息或建议。他们通常很乐意帮助你。

最重要的一条建议是:尽情享受。没有哪个主人喜欢看到紧张或害怕的客人在他家里或昂贵的正式晚宴聚会上努力“做对事情”。观察别人或者向他们请教,尽你所能加入谈话并享受美好时光。如果你这样做了,在第一次这样的外出晚宴之后,你肯定会期待下一次!

Vocabulary & Idioms

  • suacer——小茶碟
  • steer——引导
  • the rocks and reefs——重重障碍
    • rock——岩石
    • reef——暗礁
  • distinguish——辨别
  • stuffy——沉闷的
  • in advance——提前
  • etiquette——礼仪
  • some basic rules of “black tie” etiquette——黑领带礼仪的一些基本规则
  • be aware of——意识到
  • thoughtful——体贴的,周到的
  • It’s the thought that counts——心意最重要
  • overdress——过度打扮
  • appropriate——合适的
  • customary——惯例的
  • motion——以姿态或手势示意
  • cultery——刀叉类餐具
  • There is no harm in + V-ing——做……无妨
  • implement——器具
  • hesitate——犹豫
  • look forward to——盼望

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John Doe

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Changchun, China