这个部分类似于日记吧？“沉思录”这个标题来自于知乎上一个读博学长的日记，所以我也尝试在博客里写日记，尽量坚持下来吧哈哈，反正这里基本上没人（

Comment and share

今天是周二，上午上完高分子物理后马不停蹄继续整理单原子的元素周期表以及参考文献，下午继续调整段落结构增加逻辑性、可读性，终于是改完了自己的文章，交给老师了，不知道后面会怎么样，应该不比有这次大修更痛苦了吧？

接近十三天的爆肝大修，回头看寒假前完成的初稿写的和shit一样、、、

这十几天英语啥的都荒废咯，TED、大西洋月刊都还没来得及读呢，就从明天整装待发吧！

Comment and share

离子掺杂可形成空位(vacancy)

1. 阳离子空位的产生机制

阳离子空位（即阳离子亚晶格中的空缺）通常由高价阳离子取代或低价阴离子取代引起，通过电荷补偿实现电中性。

(1) 高价阳离子掺杂 → 产生阳离子空位

示例：在石榴石型电解质$\rm{Li_7La_3Zr_2O_{12}}$（LLZO）中，Al³⁺取代Li⁺（Li⁺为+1价）：

• 每个Al³⁺取代Li⁺时，引入+2额外正电荷（Al³⁺ - Li⁺ = +2）。
• 为维持电中性，需移除2个Li⁺，形成2个Li⁺空位（化学式变为$\rm{Li_{7-2x}Al_xLa_3Zr_2O_{12}}$）。
• 效果：Li⁺空位浓度增加，离子电导率提升

(2) 低价阴离子掺杂 → 产生阳离子空位

示例：硫银锗矿Li₆PS₅Cl中，Cl⁻（-1价）取代S²⁻（-2价）：

• 每个Cl⁻取代S²⁻时，减少1个负电荷（Cl⁻ - S²⁻ = +1）。
• 为维持电中性，需减少1个Li⁺（Li⁺为+1价），形成Li⁺空位（化学式变为Li₆₋ₓPS₅₋ₓCl₁₊ₓ）

2. 阴离子空位的产生机制

阴离子空位（阴离子亚晶格中的空缺）通常由高价阴离子掺杂或阳离子空位补偿引起。

(1) 低价阳离子掺杂 → 产生阴离子空位

示例：在氧化锆（ZrO₂）中掺杂Y³⁺（取代Zr⁴⁺）：

• 每个Y³⁺取代Zr⁴⁺时，引入-1电荷缺陷（Y³⁺ - Zr⁴⁺ = -1）。
• 为维持电中性，需产生氧空位（每个O²⁻空缺贡献+2电荷），化学式为YₓZr₁₋ₓO₂₋ₓ/₂。
• 效果：氧空位促进O²⁻迁移（如钇稳定氧化锆YSZ用于燃料电池）。

(2) 阳离子空位补偿 → 产生阴离子空位

示例：在钙钛矿型氧化物中，Sr²⁺取代La³⁺（La₁₋ₓSrₓMnO₃）：

• 每个Sr²⁺取代La³⁺时，引入-1电荷缺陷（Sr²⁺ - La³⁺ = -1）。
• 补偿方式包括：
  • 阳离子空位（如La³⁺空缺，贡献+3电荷）；
  • 阴离子空位（如O²⁻空缺，贡献+2电荷）。
• 实际体系中常混合两种补偿机制。

3. 快速判断掺杂与空位关系的法则

(1) 电荷守恒法则

• 总电荷平衡：取代离子与原离子的价态差需通过空位或间隙补偿。
• 经验公式：

Δq = z_掺杂 − z_原始 = ∑(空位或间隙电荷贡献)

(2) 价态差与空位符号关系

4. 典型材料体系对比

5. 总结与记忆技巧

1. “高价取代→产生同类型空位”：
   • 高价阳离子取代低价阳离子 → 阳离子空位（如Al³⁺→Li⁺）。
   • 高价阴离子取代低价阴离子 → 阴离子空位（如Cl⁻→S²⁻需结合电荷补偿）。
2. “低价取代→补偿方式多样”：
   • 低价阳离子取代高价阳离子 → 阴离子空位或阳离子间隙。
   • 低价阴离子取代高价阴离子 → 阳离子空位或阴离子间隙。
3. 实战验证： 通过X射线衍射（XRD）精修确定空位浓度，或结合固态核磁（如⁷Li MAS NMR）分析局域Li⁺环境变化。

在材料科学中，“空位”（Vacancy）、“间隙”（Interstitial）和“空隙”（孔洞/Void）是描述晶体缺陷的不同概念，它们对材料性能的影响截然不同。以下详细区分这三者，并结合硫银锗矿电解质的例子说明其作用：

对Vacancy、Interstitial、Void的简单辨析

1. 空位（Vacancy）

• 定义：晶格中本应有原子/离子占据的位置缺失，形成的点缺陷。
• 形成原因：
  • 热振动（所有材料在非绝对零度下均存在）；
  • 掺杂导致的电荷补偿（如Cl⁻取代S²⁻时产生Li⁺空位）。
• 对性能的影响：
  • 正面：空位可为离子迁移提供路径，提升离子电导率（如Li⁺空位促进传导）；
  • 负面：过量空位可能降低结构稳定性。
• 示例： 在Li₅.₅PS₄.₅Cl₁.₅中，Cl⁻取代S²⁻导致Li⁺空位，显著提升锂离子电导率。

2. 间隙（Interstitial）

• 定义：原子/离子占据晶格正常位置之外的间隙位置，形成的点缺陷。
• 形成原因：
  • 小尺寸原子（如Li⁺、H⁺）易进入间隙；
  • 掺杂或非化学计量比设计（如过量Li引入间隙Li⁺）。
• 对性能的影响：
  • 正面：间隙离子可作为额外载流子（如Li₁₀GeP₂S₁₂中的间隙Li⁺提升电导率）；
  • 负面：可能阻塞迁移通道或引发晶格畸变。
• 示例： 在Li-rich材料中，间隙Li⁺可与空位协同形成“协同迁移机制”，进一步提升电导率。

3. 空隙（孔洞/Void）

• 定义：材料中未被原子/离子占据的宏观或介观孔洞，属于体积缺陷。
• 形成原因：
  • 合成工艺缺陷（如烧结不充分导致孔隙）；
  • 元素挥发或相分离（如硫化物电解质高温烧结时硫损失）。
• 对性能的影响：
  • 负面：
    • 降低材料致密度，增加晶界电阻；
    • 孔洞处易成为枝晶生长的起点，引发电池短路。
  • 正面： 可控孔隙率可用于复合电解质设计（如聚合物填充孔洞改善界面接触）。
• 示例： 传统烧结的Li₆PS₅Cl致密度仅~85%，而放电等离子烧结（SPS）可将其提升至95%，显著降低孔洞比例。

4. 三者的核心区别总结

5. 在硫银锗矿电解质中的实际意义

• 空位的必要性：Cl⁻掺杂引入的Li⁺空位是提升离子电导率的核心机制。
• 间隙的潜在价值：若在Li₅.₅PS₄.₅Cl₁.₅中引入少量间隙Li⁺，可能进一步优化传导路径（需避免阻塞通道）。
• 空隙的规避：通过液相烧结或高压烧结减少孔洞，确保致密化以降低晶界阻抗。

总结

• 空位 ≠ 间隙 ≠ 空隙：三者分属不同尺度和类型的缺陷，作用机制迥异。
• 研究方向：
  • 利用掺杂精准调控空位浓度（如Cl⁻/Br⁻共掺杂）；
  • 优化烧结工艺消除有害空隙；
  • 探索间隙离子的协同效应（如高熵设计）。

Comment and share

The Delights of South Island

One of the odder coincidences of physical geography is the fact that there are two double islands, roughly the same size, positioned at each other’s antipodes, or farthest-distant point. The islands of England and Ireland in the Northern Hemisphere and the islands of North Island and South Island in the southern Hemisphere are just such a coincidence. The first two islands comprise the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (or Eire), and the second two islands comprise New Zealand. Among these four islands, there can be no doubt that South Island is the least polluted and most spectacularly scenic of them all.

There is much competition to make such a claim. The island of England, politically constituting England, Scotland, and Wales of the United Kingdom, is dotted with country villages set alongside rivers and lakes. There are not very tall but nonetheless rugged mountains in the north, and endless miles of rocky coastline that seem mystical. Ireland, too, is a paradise of greenery, with far fewer people than populous England and even more quaint villages scattered among its low-lying hills and forever green fields. North Island in New Zealand sports a balmy climate and the beaches to make use of it; one beach alone is more than 150 kilometers long and with relatively few people on its shores, one can pretend one is at the very end of the earth. Volcanoes, large lakes, and quickly flowing rivers traverse the land. Given the beauty of these three islands, what makes South Island so special?

Plenty. For those who like mountains, South Island is sure to please. Mt. Cook at 3764 meters is its highest peak, with 16 others above 3000 meters. Naturally, many local and foreign mountain climbers come here for the challenge of these Southern Alps. In addition, there is an extensive glacier system, endless forests, and innumerable lakes throughout this highland area. Some of the world’s best mountain scenery is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps.

Perhaps you prefer the sea? South Island is not only an island, but many tiny islets can be found off its coastline. Great deep-sea fishing, scuba diving, and snorkeling can be had, though the waters here are cooler than those of North Island. (Remember, in the Southern Hemisphere, as we go north, it gets warmer.)As fewer people live on South Island than on North Island, those who crave solitude and pristine beaches will be amazed at their luck here. With almost no heavy industry on South Island, the air, water, and land are all free of pollution. The Local seafood is therefore clean, plentiful, and never-ending.

Do healthful climates interest you? South Island is the place to be. Its temperate climate sees little snow except in the highlands and mountainous areas. Like Ireland and England, there are no extremes of temperature, either. Summers are warm, not hot, and winters are brisk rather than freezing. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the abundant rainfall of this area. Every season invites the nature lover to get out and be active in the countryside.

Of course, South Island is not for everyone. For those who need busy, crowded, noisy, and polluted cities, this Southern outpost will surely disappoint. For those who enjoy pressure and stress, South Island will leave them empty-handed. And for those who would rather stay at home or in an office in front of a computer screen or in the thumping, smoke-filled dance floors of discos, some of the world’s best natural scenery will never entice them away. For the rest of us, though, South Island is the world’s best kept secret. If Nature’s paradise sounds alluring, make a point of visiting South Island.

One of the odder coincidences of physical geography is the fact that there are two double islands, roughly the same size, positioned at each other’s antipodes, or farthest-distant point. The islands of England and Ireland in the Northern Hemisphere and the islands of North Island and South Island in the southern Hemisphere are just such a coincidence. The first two islands comprise the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland (or Eire), and the second two islands comprise New Zealand. Among these four islands, there can be no doubt that South Island is the least polluted and most spectacularly scenic of them all.

自然地理中一个较为奇特的巧合是，世界上存在着两组大小相近的双岛，它们分别位于彼此的对映点，也就是地球的两极。北半球的英格兰和爱尔兰群岛以及南半球的新西兰南北二岛就是这样的巧合。前两者构成了联合王国和爱尔兰共和国，后两者则组成了新西兰。在这四个岛屿中，南岛无疑是污染最少且风景最为秀丽的。

对于谁才是风景最秀丽的岛屿，各方竞争激烈。政治上构成英国的英格兰岛，遍布着点缀在河流和湖泊之畔的乡村。北部有虽不高耸却崎岖的山脉，以及绵延无尽、神秘莫测的岩石海岸线。爱尔兰也是一片绿意盎然的乐土，人口远少于人口密集的英格兰，其低洼的丘陵和终年翠绿的田野间散布着更多古雅的村落。新西兰的北岛气候宜人，还有诸多可供享受的海滩；仅一个海滩就长达150多公里，而且海岸线上人相对较少，让人仿佛置身于世界尽头。岛上有火山、大湖泊和湍急的河流。鉴于这三个岛屿的美丽，那么南岛究竟有何特别之处呢？

特别之处可多了。对于喜爱山脉的人来说，南岛绝对会让他们心满意足。库克山海拔3764米，是其最高峰，还有另外16座山峰海拔超过3000米。自然而然地，许多国内外的登山者都来到这里挑战南阿尔卑斯山脉。此外，这片高地地区还有广阔的冰川系统、无垠的森林和无数的湖泊。在长达500公里的南阿尔卑斯山脉中，能领略到一些世界上最棒的山地风光。

或许你更喜欢大海？南岛不仅是一个岛屿，其海岸线外还有许多小岛屿。这里有绝佳的深海捕鱼、水肺潜水和浮潜条件，尽管这里的海水比北岛的海水更凉爽。（记住，在南半球，越往北走，气候越温暖。）由于南岛的人口比北岛少，那些渴望独处和纯净海滩的人会在这里惊喜地发现自己运气真好。南岛几乎没有重工业，空气、水和土地都没有污染。因此，当地的海鲜干净、丰富且源源不断。

有益健康的气候吸引你吗？南岛就是这样的地方。除了高地和山区，这里气候温和，降雪很少。和爱尔兰、英格兰一样，这里也没有极端的气温。夏天温暖但不炎热，冬天凉爽但不寒冷。这片地区充沛的降雨有时会让新鲜空气变得湿润。每个季节都吸引着热爱大自然的人到户外去，在乡村尽情活动。

当然，南岛并非适合所有人。对于那些需要繁忙、拥挤、嘈杂和污染城市的人来说，这个南方前哨肯定会让他们失望。对于那些喜欢压力和紧张的人来说，南岛也不会给他们带来满足感。而对于那些宁愿待在家里或办公室对着电脑屏幕，或者在迪斯科舞厅震耳欲聋、烟雾弥漫的舞池里的人来说，世界上一些最棒的自然风光永远无法吸引他们离开。然而，对于我们其余的人来说，南岛是世界上最隐秘的瑰宝。如果大自然的天堂听起来很诱人，一定要去游览一下南岛。

自然地理中一个较为奇特的巧合是，世界上存在着两组大小相近的双岛，它们分别位于彼此的对映点，也就是地球的两极。北半球的英格兰和爱尔兰群岛以及南半球的新西兰南北二岛就是这样的巧合。前两者构成了联合王国和爱尔兰共和国，后两者则组成了新西兰。在这四个岛屿中，南岛无疑是污染最少且风景最为秀丽的。 ## Vocabulary & Idioms - odder——奇怪的 - physical geography——自然地理学 - there are two double islands——有两对岛屿 - antipodes——对跖地 - hemisphere——半球 - be dotted with——点缀着 - rugged——崎岖的 - mystical——神秘的 - quaint——古雅的 - low-lying——低洼的 - balmy——温和的 - traverse——穿过 - Alps——阿尔卑斯山 - islet——小岛 - scuba——水肺 - snorkeling——潜水 - never-ending——永无止境的 - brisk——轻快的 - outpost——边远地区 - empty-handed空手 - thumping——砰砰响的 - entice——引诱 - make a point of + V-ing——必定，总是要做 - On the first day of each month I make a point of paying my rent in person.

Comment and share

高分子溶液

溶液：溶质+溶剂

• 气态溶液（混合气体）
• 液态溶液
• 固态溶液（如合金）

高分子溶液：高聚物以分子状态分散在溶剂中所形成的均相混合物，热力学上稳定的二元或多元体系

• 未硫化的天然橡胶（生胶）+汽油，苯、甲苯
• HDPE+四氢萘
• 聚乙烯醇+水

高分子溶液的用途

• 稀溶液（C<1%）：例如分子量测定
  • 热力学性质的研究
  • 动力学性质的研究（溶液的沉降，扩散，粘度等）
  • 高分子在溶液中的形态尺寸（柔顺性，支化情况 等）研究其相互作用（包括高分子链段间，链段与溶剂分子间的相互作用）
  • 测量分子量，分子量分布，测定内聚能密度，计算 硫化胶的交联密度等
• 浓溶液（C>5%）：纺丝、油漆、胶粘剂、增塑

==浓溶液和稀溶液最本质的区别==：稀溶液中单个大分子链线团是孤立存在的，相互之间没有交叠；而在浓厚体系中，大分子链之间发生聚集和缠结。

高分子的溶解

溶解过程

• 小分子溶解：溶质向溶剂中扩散
• 高分子溶解：
  • 线形无定形高分子
    • 混合初期：单项扩散，溶胀
    • 混合后期：双向扩散，溶解

  • 

  • 线形结晶高分子——先溶胀无定形区，在晶体熔点附近的温度使晶体解体后溶解

    • 

  • 交联高分子——达到溶胀平衡后分子扩散即告停止，只溶胀，不完全溶解
    • 可溶部分：溶胶
    • **不可溶部分：凝胶、只能溶胀
    • 高度交联（C阶热固性树脂）：不溶胀**

溶剂的选择

• 极性相近

  

• 溶剂化作用——具有相异电性的两种基团，极性强弱越接近，彼此间相互作用越强、结合力越大。

==溶剂-高分子相互作用>高分子-高分子间相互作用==

• 内聚能密度或溶度参数相近

$$ \Delta \rm{E}=\Delta \rm{H}-\rm{RT} $$

$$ \rm{CED=\dfrac{\Delta E}{V_0}} $$

$$ \rm{\delta=\sqrt{CED}=\dfrac{\sum F(基团摩尔引力常数)}{V}=\dfrac{\rho\sum F}{M_0}} $$

溶度参数是具有加和性的 δ_m = δ₁ϕ₁ + δ₂ϕ₂ ==选择同高分子溶质溶度参数相近的溶剂通常有利于溶解==

==真实的溶解情况需要将三种因素综合考虑==

• PAN（聚丙烯腈、强极性）：包括合成纤维（如腈纶，也称人造羊毛）。溶于DMF（二甲基甲酰胺）、乙腈（强极性），但不溶解于与它δ值相近的乙醇、甲醇等。因为PAN极性很强，而乙醇、甲醇等溶剂极性太弱。**
• ** PS（聚苯乙烯、弱极性）：脆性塑料。溶于甲苯、氯仿、苯胺（弱极性）和苯（非极性）。不能溶解在与它δ值相近的丙酮中，因为PS弱极性，而丙酮强极性。

热力学分析

$$ \rm{\Delta G_m=\Delta H_m -T \Delta S_m} $$

• 极性高分子+极性溶液

  • 溶解放热，$\rm{\Delta G_m <0}$，溶解过程==能自发进行==

• 非极性溶液——Hildebrand公式

  $$ \rm{\Delta H_m=V\phi_1\phi_2(\delta_1-\delta_2)^2} $$

  • $\rm{ΔH_M}$越小越好即溶度参数尽可能接近

练习题

高分子溶液的热力学理论

二元混合体系中两种分子中各含x_A和x_B个单元，可有三种不同情况

理想溶液的热力学性质 $$ \rm{\Delta S_m=-k[N_1\ln X_1+N_2\ln X_2]} $$

$$ \rm{\Delta H_m=0} $$

$$ \rm{\Delta V_m=0} $$

$$ \rm{\Delta P=P_1^0X_2} $$

Flory-Huggins理论

基本假定：

• i.溶液体系虚拟为似晶格结构。一个溶剂分子占一个晶格，一个高分子分为x 个链段、占x 个相连的晶格。
• ii.等几率。溶剂与链段占某个任选格子的几率正比于其在体系中的分数。
• iii.等构象能。高分子链构象能相等。

混合熵

$$ \mathrm{\Delta S_m=S_{溶液}-S_{高分子}=-k=[N_1\ln {\dfrac{N_1}{N_1+xN_2}}+N_2\ln{\dfrac{xN_2}{N_1+xN_2}}]} $$

$$ \phi_1=\dfrac{N_1}{N_1+xN_2} $$

$$ \phi_2=\dfrac{xN_2}{N_1+xN_2} $$

混合体系中溶剂分子的体积分数为ϕ₁，高分子为ϕ₂

混合焓、 混合自由能

混合焓： ΔH_M = (Z − 2)Δε₁₂N₁ϕ₂ = RTχ₁n₁ϕ₂ Flory-Huggins相互作用参数：高分子与溶剂混合过程中相互作用能的变化 $$ \chi_1=\dfrac{(Z-2)\Delta \varepsilon_{12}}{kT} $$

混合自由能 ΔG_M = RT[n₁ln ϕ₁ + n₂ln ϕ₂ + χ₁n₁ϕ₂]

偏摩尔量

在无限大的溶液体系中加入1摩尔溶质或溶剂引起热力学函数的变化称为偏摩尔量 $$ 溶剂的化学位：\Delta \mu_1=RT[\ln \phi_1+(1-\dfrac{1}{x})\phi_2+\chi_1\phi_1^2] $$

Flory-Krigbaum理论

超量化学位 $$ \Delta \mu_1^E=-RT\Psi_1(1-\dfrac{\Theta}{T})\phi_2^2 $$

$$ \Theta=\dfrac{T\kappa_1}{\Psi_1} $$

一维溶胀因子α

• α的值描述了溶剂的性质
• ==α越大，溶剂越良； α越小，溶剂越差==
• ==α=1时线团为无扰尺寸，溶剂为Θ溶剂==

Θ状态——无绕状态，可==看作==理想状态

此时的溶液称为Θ 溶液, 溶剂称为Θ 溶剂达到Θ 条件的温度称为Θ 温度，具有以下性质 $$ \chi_1=\dfrac{1}{2}, \Delta \mu^E=0, \Delta G_a=0, u=0, \alpha=1 $$

相平衡

渗透压

$$ \Pi=-\dfrac{1}{V^{'}}[\mu_1-\mu_{10}]=-\dfrac{\Delta \mu_1}{V_1^{'}} $$

以π/(RTc)对浓度c作图， 可得一条直线。 斜率为A₂, 由截距可得数均分子量
$$ \dfrac{\pi}{RTc}=[\dfrac{1}{\overline{M_n}}+A_2c] $$

$$ A_2=(\dfrac{1}{2}-\chi)\dfrac{v_2^2}{v_1} $$

• 良溶剂中，A₂>0
• Θ溶剂中，A₂=0
• 不良溶剂中，A₂<0

相分离

$$ \phi_{2c}=\dfrac{1}{1+\sqrt{x}} $$

$$ \chi_{1c}=\dfrac{1}{2x}(1+\sqrt{x})^2 $$

习题

Comment and share

Bridget Jones Never Gets Old

Bridget Jones, as a character, has always hovered uncomfortably between ==the hard light of reality and the rosy glow of romance== . When she first appeared, in newspaper columns written by the British journalist Helen Fielding during the mid-1990s, the 30- something Bridget was claimed as a ==totem== of woman ==hood== at the time: a calorie-counting, self-improvement-obsessed, chain-smoking, ==wine-guzzling singleton== (a ==neologism== Fielding ==immortalized== ); an ==earnest== ==vassal== of Cosmo culture and the embodiment of ==fearmongering== Newsweek coverage about the plight of unmarried career girls. With Bridget, Fielding “articulated the traumas of a generation,” the writer Alain de Botton observed.

But when Bridget’s diary ==entries== were published in book form, in 1996, her true narrative ==arc== was revealed. It didn’t chart a postmodern Gen X nightmare. It was lovingly ==cribbed== from Pride and Prejudice. The most notorious single woman of an era, as her fans learned in the book and its 1999 ==sequel== , and from the movies they inspired in 2001 and 2004, would be largely protected by the ==tired== old ==trappings== of the marriage plot: She would ==bag== her Mr. Darcy and live happily ever after—with a few ==detours== —in his ==dreamy== ==detached== house in Holland Park.

Her ==trajectory== over the next decade-plus (in another round of newspaper columns; another book; and a third movie, Bridget Jones’s Baby, in 2016, not based on a book) certainly had its ==requisite== ==stumbles== . But the character was ==steadied== throughout by the ==Texan== actor Renée Zellweger as the very English Bridget, an unpredictably brilliant piece of ==casting== that just works.

On paper, Bridget can be ==compellingly== hard to ==pin down== , ==inconstant== and ==ironic== , ==messily self-aware== , undeniably human. Early on, she ==cops== to highly compromised feminist principles: She will not “ ==sulk== about having no boyfriend, but develop inner ==poise== and authority and sense of self as woman of substance, complete without boyfriend, as best way to obtain boyfriend.” On-screen, though, Zellweger makes her all heart, ==guileless== as a ==toddler== , impossibly hopeful and ==lovably== absurd. Whatever cards she’s dealt—not least professional ==humiliation== and an accidental pregnancy (paternity unclear, thanks to separate one-night stands and a box of expired ==eco-friendly condoms== )—she ==muddles== through with ==gusto== . We know that Bridget will get her happy ending; this is just about the last romantic-comedy ==franchise== standing. But Zellweger makes us also deeply want her to win, formulaic predictability be damned.

Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy, an adaptation of the ==slapdash== third novel that starts ==streaming== on Peacock on February 13, keeps the ==trope-laden structure== , but finds surprising depth in a devastating plot twist. Bridget, now in her 50s, is single once again: Her beloved husband, Mark Darcy (played in grand ==metafictional== form by an actor who played the other Mr. Darcy, Colin Firth), has died while on a ==humanitarian== mission in Sudan, leaving Bridget to raise their two children alone. The book uses Mark’s death mostly as a narrative device to launch Bridget, with her typically obsessive energy, into ==cougardom== : She starts dating a ==hunky== man in his late 20s named— ==inanely== —Roxster, which exposes Bridget to a whole new range of body-image issues, and exposes Roxster to her children’s head ==lice== .

The movie, though, is more interested in documenting Bridget’s loss, and in the process, it presents a more honest and moving version of her than we’ve seen before. How will the last cockeyed optimist in popular culture deal with such desolation? ==Widowhood== is no laughing matter, parenting alone even less so—though we have to laugh at Bridget burying her face in the ==fridge== to curse, and being surprised by her son’s ==uptight== science teacher while buying an astonishing variety of ==contraceptives== . ==Pathos== ==underpins== the plot. “Do you miss Dada sometimes?” Mabel, Bridget’s daughter, asks her in the movie. “I miss him all of the times,” Bridget replies.

==Grief== is a tough sell for a ==rom-com== , which is maybe why the movie has marketed itself as something more timely, once again positioning Bridget as representative of her moment. Cinema lately has been consumed with what viewers call the “ ==age-gap romance== ,” or, less ==decorously== , the “MILF setup.” In 2024’s The Idea of You, Anne Hathaway plays a divorcée not unlike Bridget in her ==ditziness== , who ==careens== her way into a love affair with a handsome British ==boy-bander== . In two separate movie projects within the space of a year, A Family Affair and Babygirl, Nicole Kidman ==parses== the power differentials at play when older women find ==fulfillment== with younger men.

Bridget’s adventures with the age gap are characteristically sweet and ==laced== with ==goofiness== : When she meets Roxster, she’s shinnying up a tree that both of her children have managed to get stuck in. When he later messages her on Tinder, it’s via an account that her friends have set up: “Tragic Widow Seeks Sexual Awakening.” ==Mortification== , for Bridget, is only ever a degree or two removed from triumph.

Yet Mad About the Boy, for all its familiar, delightful notes, is also ==wincingly== ==astute== regarding modernday dynamics, good and bad, for women of Bridget’s age. When her friends encourage her to pursue Roxster, the idea is plausible not just because Zellweger is still ==luminously== ==endearing== in ==midlife== , but because the world really has changed: Women can date men a decade or more younger ==without inciting mass hysteria== . But they’ve remained undesirable in other ways: Bridget works as a producer for a daytime TV show where formerly ==hard-hitting== female news reporters now ==gush== their way through ==cooking segments== and ==softball interviews== . For female journalists over a certain age, “HDTV was an ==extinction-level== event,” Bridget’s friend Talitha ==mutters== .

The tension between sharp contemporary ==verisimilitude== and ==age-old romantic archetype== helps explain why Bridget ==potters== on while so many other ’90s heroines have fallen by the wayside. (Remember Ally McBeal? She of the ==miniskirts== and the ==catfights== and the ==ludicrous== workplace dilemmas?) The book version of Bridget has come in for ==derision== as an embarrassing relic of ==postfeminism== , screwing up even the most basic personal and professional tasks, and fixated on her thigh ==circumference== and her office crushes. In 2023, a New York Times retrospective finally declared her “ ==nuttiness== and ==self-loathing== ” to be well past its expiration date for modern readers. Yet her movie comebacks continue to be irresistible, in part because no one is more aware of her failings than Bridget herself.

Crucially, she never lets her ==self-critique== shake a confidence lodged someplace inside her (even if she’s not quite sure where). The academic Kelly A. Marsh has argued that despite her ==ongoing== preoccupation with becoming better, Bridget at her core represents, through all her phases, the victory of self-acceptance. She flourishes not just because of the love stories that the novels’ framing forces on her, but thanks to the faithful love of her friends and her own ==stouthearted== spirit.

There’s something ==poignant== , too, about seeing Zellweger in the role, despite all the ==indignities== the actor has suffered along the way—the 2000 cover shoot for Harper’s Bazaar, rudely shelved because Zellweger had gained weight for the role and was deemed too fat for a fashion magazine; the ==tabloid== coverage declaring her “ ==scary skinny== ” when she then duly dieted; the discourse about her changing face, so rabid and intrusive that she had to strike it down in a personal essay for HuffPost. At 55, Zellweger is in what Germaine ==Greer== once cited as a decade of new “invisibility” for women—a phenomenon that Bridget herself analyzes in her diary. And yet here they both are: ==undaunted== , blond, adorable, enduring, changing the world by refusing to ==shrink away from it== . That, as Bridget might say, is v.v. good to see.

Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Comment and share

19日晚第一次进实验室，师姐带我合成一种固态电解质，参考文献有Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 8681 –8686等。由于电池是锂电池，需要隔绝$\rm{H_2O}$和$\rm{O_2}$，所有电解质原料的称量操作需要在手套箱中进行，手套箱中的称量算是对新人的第一大挑战吧哈哈~

手套箱之前也用过，今晚顺便复习了一下

稍微总结了一下步骤：

• 紧闭内舱门，打开 过渡舱外舱门
• 放入货物并关闭外舱门
• 进行三次充放气操作（先抽后充），然后停止充放气
• 打开内舱门取出货物

手套箱内的神器—— 镊子

我在手套箱内主要是称量，如下试剂：

$$ \rm{Li:P:S:Cl}=0.020623:0.00375:0.0168745:0.005624=\approx5.5:1:4.5:1.5 $$

x=0.5(本次实验)

全固态锂电池的发展依赖于高性能固态电解质，需具备高离子电导率和良好延展性等特性。锂硫银锗矿($\rm{Li_6PS_5X}$)虽有潜力，但此前室温离子电导率等性能有待提升，本次实验尝试复现文献提高电解质的离子电导率。

LPSX (X=Cl,Br,I)，硫银锗矿型，名称来源于硫银锗矿$\rm{Ag_8GeS_6}$

• $\rm{Li_{6 - x}PS_{5 - x}Cl_{1 + x}}$固溶体相，发现增加$\rm{\dfrac{Cl^-}{S^{2-}}}$比例可系统且显著地影响晶格中锂离子扩散性，提升电导率。如$\rm{Li_{5.5}PS_{4.5}Cl_{1.5}}$在 298K 时冷压电导率达$\rm{9.4\pm 0.1 mS/cm}$，烧结后为$\rm{12.0\pm 0.2 mS/cm}$，几乎是相同条件下$\rm{Li_{6}PS_{5}Cl}$的四倍
• 发现卤化物取代降低了锂离子与周围框架阴离子的相互作用，增加了位点无序度和锂空位数量，进而提升锂离子扩散性，明确了离子传输机制

在手套箱内将三种试剂称量后放入研磨罐内，和离心机类似，球磨机的研磨罐也需要配平（最好先用转子球配平再称量药品），配平后放入机器内设置参数

工作原理：当仪器启动时，电机带动公共的太阳轮转动，而位于太阳轮上的研磨罐则围绕自身的轴作自转运动，研磨罐自转的方向与太阳轮的方向相反。研磨球与研磨罐一起运转时，受到自转偏向力的叠加影响，在这种影响下，研磨球释放出大量的动能，样品不断受到研磨球的撞击，同时与研磨罐内壁产生大量摩擦，从而被高度粉碎。

从上到下球磨机的参数设置分别为：

• 转速
• 研磨时间
• 休息冷却时间
• 循环次数

本次的研磨时间设置为10min，休息时间设置为5min，循环次数为60，那么总时间就是15h

(机械研磨引发固相反应)

20日上午11点，将研磨罐从球磨机上卸下来（和水热合成反应釜有点像哈哈~），忘了压住研磨罐盖子，大力出奇迹把盖子拔出来了，电解质接触到空气了😇，就当成对照组吧（本次合成了两组相同的，姑且认为盖上盖子就是与外界气体相隔绝哈哈）

将两个罐子转移到手套箱内，首先转移到称量纸上，然后转移到小离心管内，这一步巨难操作，研磨后的电解质有些结块了，需要扣下来，最主要是研磨罐比较重，我给不小心弄撒了一点😑，转移到两个小离心管后把两个研磨罐从手套箱内拿出来，开始洗刷刷，硫化物用水冲几遍、乙醇冲几遍就溶解掉、洗干净了，最后放入80摄氏度烘箱就吃饭去咯~（烘干即可，不可久置，否则==研磨罐胶圈会老化，密封性就不好了==）下午还有仪器分析实验课呢

20日晚上19点，开始隔绝氧气烧结样品。在手套箱内将离心管中的试剂用长颈漏斗分别转移到两个长玻璃管里，然后怼上阀门，用封口胶密封上，然后去一楼首先将气阀门接入压缩机，将长玻璃管内的气体尽可能抽出，接着用$\rm{CH_4+O_2}$的混合气体灼烧长玻璃管使其密封（和大一时无机化学的一次实验有点像，自己烧胶头滴管哈哈哈😳），烧完后就变成了两个完全密封的玻璃管啦，然后把它们放入电炉烧结即可。

冷却后，将玻封转移至手套箱中，打碎玻璃管将药品取出并组装到固态电池模具中，拿出来加压。用Zplot测一下阻抗，结果不理想，准备烧另一组样品，然后电炉给我玩坏了😂

请教维修师傅，好在不是大问题，很快修好了，大哥还贴心的给了我一份食用指南，这下不怕忘记步骤了😀

程序设定步骤

1. 按一下向左键，C01为初始温度，设置成PV开机数值(室温)；
2. 然后按一下循环键，T01为时间，默认分钟，设定想要的升温时间（自行换算，升温速率不要太快≤10℃/min，一般5-10℃/min最好）；
3. 然后按一下循环键，切换到C02为下一个温度点，设定温度；
4. 以此类推…
5. 到T0几上设定为-121是结束指令代码（切记是－的121，两个-121）
6. 完成后，停滞几秒中回到基础界面，长按RUN键1-2秒钟别抬手，待仪表黄色数字显示一下RUN后，立刻抬手，再按绿色启动键。
7. 电炉开始加热，注意观察电流表指针是否摆动，有摆动为正常。

范例：以每分钟10度的升温速率升温到1200度，在1200度保温3个小时，再每分钟5度降到1000度后自然降温的程序设置如下

• C01设置成PV显示值（一般在50-60度之间）；
• T01设置成120；
• C02设置成1200；
• T02设置成180；
• C03设置成1200；
• T03设置成40；
• C04设置成1000；
• T04设置成-121

胡思乱想乱入

晶胞化学式——$\rm{Li_6PS_5Cl}$Li(I)：

Li:12（6个面2）+12=24（体内)

P(VI)：$12\dfrac{1}{4}$（棱心）+1=4（体心）

S(II)：$\rm{\dfrac{1}{4}*4*12}$（棱心）+8=20（体内）

Cl(I)：$8*\dfrac{1}{8}+6*\dfrac{1}{2}$=4（立方最密堆积）

假设分别合成$\rm{Li_{5.5}PS_{4.5}Cl(SCN)_{0.5}}$、$\rm{Li_{5.5}PS_{4.5}Cl_{0.5}(SCN)}$ 0.003 mol

$\rm{Li_6PS_5Cl}$中的锂有5种配位环境，两种Wackyhoff位置

VASP 通过密度泛函理论（DFT）计算材料的电子结构和原子间相互作用，最终目标是预测锂离子在材料中的迁移能力，具体包括：

1. 活化能：Li⁺迁移的能量势垒（直接影响传导率）。
2. 扩散系数：通过分子动力学（MD）模拟计算 Li⁺的扩散速率。
3. 结构稳定性：掺杂或缺陷对晶格结构的影响。

今天又来合另外一种电解质了、、、

改性的argyrodite（Li6PS5X）,下面是原料配比，请分析一下使用下面原料合出来的化学式是什么呢？（argyrodite结构没有发生改变）

• P₂S₅: 0.4995g (0.001124 mol)
• $\rm{LiCl}$: 0.2857g (0.006739 mol)
• $\rm{Sm_2S_3}$: 0.0469g (0.0001181 mol)
• $\rm{Li_2S}$: 0.4183g (0.009103 mol)

Li: 0.006739+0.009103*2=0.02495

P: 0.001124*2=0.002248

Cl: 0.006739

Sm: 0.0001181*2=0.0002362

S: 0.001124*5+0.0001181*3+0.009103=0.0150773

• $\rm{Li_6(P_{0.952}Sm_{0.048})S_{4.605}Cl_{1.395}}$（化学式未知）

球磨完之后，在手套箱内将合成的粉末倒入长玻璃管中（将带有勺子的吸管插入玻璃管底部，再舀取药品），将玻璃管插入橡胶管中，不用插得太深，然后关闭阀门，从手套箱内取出来，再缠好封口胶

接下来去一楼101房间，将阀门接上泵，开启真空泵，缓慢旋转阀门，一定要缓慢，否则就不利于封管

封管的操作暂时学不来，用的是钢瓶中的某种气体，调节大小阀门至淡蓝色的焰心长度约1cm即可，反复灼烧并扭转玻璃管，一段时间后被灼烧处开始变细、拉丝、断开，然后再略微灼烧封号的管的尖端处，应该是去除一些毛刺吧

然后就开始烧，今天（5.17）又复习了一下电炉的使用，龙哥的祖传参数：500摄氏度烧12小时，升温速率5度每分钟

1
2
3
4

Step1:设置C01——一般设置室温
Step2:设置t01——需要计算，目标温度和室温的温差/升温速率
Step3:设置C02——目标温度
Step4:设置t02——保温时间

至此就结束了，下面这张图应该挺形象的，不过我暂时不用这么多梯度升温

4月22日晚，在手套箱内将烧结而成的电解质材料从玻封管内取并研磨，如果烧结后是坚硬的固体则可直接倒出，然后单独用镊子夹到研钵内（如果直接倒可能将碎玻璃渣引入），小TIPS：研磨的时候可以盖一层薄膜再将固体锤碎，将两个样品(6h & 8h)分别装到两个离心管内，放入另一个手套箱，接着师兄带我装全电池，模具如图

全电池

• 上层一般装负极，锂金属原片(d = 0.6 mm)
• 中层为固态电解质
• 下层一般装正极
  • 本次正极部分=正极材料+固态电解质+碳，质量比为70：30：3

对于全电池，需要施加三次压力（对称电池理论上只需要两次

• Step1：先装固态电解质材料，一般称取80-100 mg，本次称取100 mg，装入后振一下，再用上盖旋拧一下，让电解质材料尽量均匀，且上层和下层的豁口尽量对齐
• Step2：放入压机加压，上旋钮抵住上盖，然后加压至2t，维持2min，加压时豁口不要对着压机地柱子
• Step3：装正极部分（正极材料+固态电解质+碳），顺便检查一下加压后的固态电解质，一定不能产生裂纹，需要根据正极材料的质量设置测试的电流，将征集部分小心地导入正中央，均匀地覆盖在电解质材料上
• Step4：放入压机加压，相同操作，加压至4t，维持2-5min左右
• Step5：装负极材料，负极是一片金属锂（直径0.6cm，先将金属片放在下层盖地柱子上（柱子直径1cm），然后盖上下层，拧紧
• Step6：放入压机加压，需格外小心，只需施加少许压力即可，指针略微移动即可

OK，装完全电池后放入夹具中，接下来去8楼测试去，将模具连接好电池系统（红正黑负）即可，接下来在计算机上设置参数

使用蓝电电池测试系统

目前还看不太懂，待我请教一下做电池的好兄弟后再来更新🤗

5.20下午，龙哥带我测阻抗谱，一些细节我还不太熟练。首先是把烧好的固态电解质材料放到模具中，舀一点材料到模具中，然后“提取模具-放下模具”使得材料做自由落体运动，稍微平整一些，pellet厚度不易过薄或者过厚，我压的pellet1.77mm，显然是过厚了，再拧上旋钮关闭模具。

接着用压机（顺时针锁死即可施加压力，用完需锁死），只需要压到2tons，

然后上面接负极黑线，下面接正极红线（但其实没有正反），设置好参数就可以开测了，接下来不出意外的话就要出意外了

点此图标查看图

如图是我合成的材料的局部的阻抗图，很烂，重新测了几次都不对，晚上测一下XRD看看是怎么回事。

5.21晚上，闯大祸了😢。计划在唐楼测一下XRD（因为物理楼的XRD需要预约），我需要从手套箱内将药品拿出来，但是我发现此时过渡舱是满气状态而非真空状态，我以为是干净的氩气，但其实可能是上一个人用完手套箱忘记了抽真空。我没有多想，直接在手套箱内打开了过渡舱们，氧气含量飙升至90+，害的龙哥搬了一罐氩气来清洗手套箱。I’m sorry😭.The dilemma absolutely, definitely has been caused by myself, which could have been avoided with more patience and careness😭

龙哥给我拿了测XRD的样品槽测试片，我还不小心打碎了一片😭，真是笨手笨脚的🤕。制样方法是将样品均匀地涂在凹槽内即可，不必涂满，尽可能高度平整（否则衍射峰可能出现略微偏移）。涂好样品后需要用密封（暂时还不知道那个黄黄的胶布的学名叫啥），可以用有粘性的“胶布”直接贴上，但是容易黏在手套上，也可以用凡士林+无粘性的胶布（本次采用），4点涂或者8点涂凡士林，然后将凡士林往外刮出去，形成一个密封圈，切忌往内刮否则会出现凡士林的衍射峰

然后去8楼测XRD，切记需要带机器停止工作后才可打开舱门，放置、取下样品时需要双手托住样品！

电压和电流分别是40kV和40mA，2theta角度时10^∘~80^∘

OK，我拿到衍射图谱了，待我进一步分析

分析完毕，样品似乎已经合成出来了，杂峰比较多，但是为啥当天下午没有测出来呢？？？因为杂峰太多了吗

6.1（六一儿童节快乐🤓），今天大概又看了一下三月份的那篇综述。龙哥装测固态电解质的时候只需压机压倒2Tons了，后面问问它表面积的事，换算成MPa。模具中原盘的面积是0.785 cm²，中科万垣的模具，那么压强是249.68MPa，和文献中所记载的适宜压强一致。

6月5日早上的小组会，杜老师也提了个醒：测定不同类型的电解质时所称量的质量和所选取的压力是不相同的，至于为什么会称量80mg呢？

以下是从网络获取到的模具的资料：

以BM01-10为例

（这个模具和实验室的不太一样哦）

内部规格：（连 PPS 套）直径 40mm。腔体直径 10mm。总高度 70mm

整体规格： 装置外直径 90mm，连丝杆总高 130mm

特性

- 稳定性高，密封好；

- 可长期在 可长期在300 Mpa压力下使用；

- 装卸方便，易于操作；

- 可长期在 -40~200℃温度环境下使用；

- 尺寸（mm，BM01-10含不锈钢外架）：100 L x 100 W x 130 H

- 重量（kg，BM01-10含不锈钢外架）：2kg

受压测试

1、最高压力可至 400 Mpa

2、压机压到 1 吨压力约等于压强 125 Mpa

下图是内部构造示意图：

从上到下依次是：

• 不锈钢上杆
• 铜导电极板
• 聚四氟乙烯捆扎带
• O形密封圈
• 聚苯硫醚保护罩
• 三氧化二铝陶瓷绝缘层
• 电极和电解质
• 聚苯硫醚保护罩
• O形密封圈
• 聚四氟乙烯捆扎带
• 铜导电极板
• 不锈钢下杆

下面的图是一个固态电解质合成制备的流程图，手磨这个步骤不知道是为啥，先挖个坑

注意事项：

• 固态电池的组装，整个过程需在手套箱中操作
• 模具保压测试，压力约为 80-150MPa，如果有锂片或者铟片，压力应降低至 80Mpa 以内固态电池绝缘模具说明
• 模具和粉末压片机配合使用

6月3日下午，刚开完大组会，老师对大家的要求还是蛮高的，虽然我啥都听不懂😂，但还是简单总结了一下可能对自己有帮助的内容，希望以后少犯错甚至不犯错，期待快速成长、入门、甚至成为强者

• PPT有标签（其实之前科学实践课的时候玛琳老师也提到过了，一直忘了😂）
• 把结论放在最前面（分情况）
• 做事前三思，想清楚why和how
• 提出科学问题而非重复造轮子
• 独立思考
• 搞清楚各种表征的原理、解释清楚表征结果
• 以防万一做两个PPT吧（16:9和4:3的），大组会荧幕是4:3的而小组会的屏幕是16:9的

6月3日晚上，拜托奉云师姐帮我封了两个样品管，然后真空烧结12h(500摄氏度)，虽然我还没有能力独立封管（安全起见，至少需要2人+），但还是简单总结一下封管步骤吧，省得以后又搞忘了😂（已经忘了，下一次封管再熟悉一下）

• 关门

• 先放掉枪中的气体以防发生危险

• 先开右侧钢瓶总阀，再开小阀门，指示到一格

• 接着开左侧钢瓶总阀，再开小阀门，忘了几格了

• 然后开大枪，此时出来甲烷，点燃甲烷

• 然后开小枪，此时枪头附近氧气浓度增大， 甲烷燃烧剧烈

• 缓慢增大小枪流速，使得焰心长度约1cm即可

• 另一人拿稳玻璃管，将待封处对准焰心

• 灼烧玻璃管至待封处融化，然后两手分别向不同方向旋转至拉丝即可

6月4日晚上，测了一下LPSC(x=0.5)的离子电导率，由于我有些心急，未等模具降至室温就测，所以离子电导率有些偏高，稍大于文献

6月5日晚上，测了一下两个样品的XRD，数据格式保存错了，悲😂

6月6日晚上，测了溴掺杂和氯掺杂的两个样品的阻抗谱，前者偏小，后者偏大，待我稍微分析一下

测试时称取80mg，用压机压到2Tons（249MPa）来减小晶界电阻，降低孔隙率，减小阻抗

简单总结一下最近的工作：

• 合成了$\rm{Li_{5.5}PS_5Cl_{1.5}}$（合成三次）和$\rm{Li_{5.3}PS_{4.3}Cl_{0.7}Br}$（合成两次）
• 参考文献为：
  • Angew. Chem. 2019, 131, 8773 –8778
  • Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2307954

首先在手套箱中称量药品并转移至球磨罐中，两罐为不同样品，原料总重均为1.000g，球磨参数为300rpm/min，磨10min休息3min，60cycles，将球磨完的样品转移至玻璃管中，真空玻封。在电炉内以5摄氏度每分钟的升温速率和降温速率在500摄氏度下烧结12个小时，冷却到接近室温（大概65摄氏度左右）取出，破管，称取80mg到模具内，加压到2Tons进行电化学阻抗谱测试，后续又进行了X射线粉末衍射的测试

• 80mg只是一个经验数值，各大文献的测试细节只提及pellet的厚度和直径而未提及质量，对于F4̅3m空间群的LPSX，80mg在2Tons压力下厚度大约是0.62mm，每次称取80mg进行电化学阻抗测试后就不用再量pellet的厚度了
• 2Tons是一个适中的压力，能增强 Argyrodite 型硫化物电解质颗粒间的接触，降低孔隙率和晶界电阻，减少离子传输的曲折度，从而提升离子电导率，模具直径为10mm，2Tons的压力大约是249MPa，与文献记载的压力范围一致

对于富氯的样品：

以上两次测试都是在唐楼进行的

• 受仪器所限制，超高频区域无法测得，观测不到半圆
• 所测得的阻抗为晶界阻抗与体相阻抗之和

$$ 离子电导率\sigma = \dfrac{L}{S\times R}=\dfrac{0.62 \times 10^{-1} \rm{cm}}{\frac{1}{4}\pi\times1^2 \times 8.5127 \Omega}=9.273 \rm{mS/cm} $$ 与文献报道的$9.4\pm0.1 \rm{mS/cm}$接近

而对于富溴的样品：

$\rm{Li_{5.3}PS_{4.3}Cl_{0.7}Br}$的阻抗谱测试显示其离子电导率较低，大约只有$\rm{3.68 mS/cm}$，与文献差异较大，

文献中的图

将本次合成的富溴样品与理论计算的S/Br完全有序的$\rm{Li_6PS_5Br}$衍射图谱以及文献图谱对比

我的样品、文献中的衍射图谱、理论模拟的图谱主峰都能对上，但说明都相同形成了特定的晶体结构，但是这三种材料中的阴离子无序度可能不同，导致最终的离子电导率不同，文献的原合成方法比较麻烦就没有采用：称取原料——手磨——球磨（只是为了混合均匀，30min）——300摄氏度真空烧结12小时——再次手磨并压制成==6mm直径==1mm厚的pellet——再次真空烧结，450~460摄氏度，12小时

猜测一：

• 文献中的合成方法第一次烧结不充分但可以促进晶格部分形成，压片时的高压使颗粒表层晶格畸变，原子间接触更紧密，在第二次烧结时能够形成更加无序的阴离子分布格局

有另一篇合成$\rm{Li_{5.5}PS_{4.5}Br_{1.5}}$的文献Front. Chem. Eng. 4:883502.与本次实验合成时的步骤大致相同但球磨参数为100rpm/min且时间只有2h，离子电导率为5.21 mS/cm，有猜想二：

• 根据之前看的文献，当掺入更软、半径 更大的阴离子的时候，$\rm{Li_{6-x}PS_xCl_{1+x}}$中的x通常会减小以适应晶格大小变化，那么其实我合成的$\rm{Li_{5.3}PS_{4.3}Cl_{0.7}Br}$其实更稳定一些（但这并不代表阴离子无序度大、离子电导率大）

• 溴离子与氯离子相比半径大，更软一些，可能需要适当降低球磨强度否则能量过高会导致晶格破碎

能否根据激活能计算大致所需要的临界温度呢？

读一下和球磨相关的文章，球磨的作用究竟是什么？不可能只是简单的混合均匀？

就算球磨强度过高导致晶格无法形成，那为什么后面的高温烧结不可以形成晶相呢？计算一下LPSC和LPSB的晶格能？

Comment and share

本贴为记录贴，师兄师姐教了我3+次如何设置炉子的程序，然鹅我还是易忘于是就有了本帖😢

程序似乎都是通用的吧，马弗炉、管式炉、电炉……啥时候遇到不一样的了再更新本贴吧

• 第一步：设置当前温度C1（即待机的PV数值）
• 第二步：调节最高温度C2
• 第三步：设置T1，T1=(C2-C1)/升温速率
• 第四步：设置升温后的保温温度C3
• 第五步：设置保温时间T2(单位min)
• 第六步：保持(显示-121)
• 第七步：长按RUN，启动程序

Comment and share

Who’s Your Mommy?

In the spring of 2022, I was 36 years old and jumping up and down in my bathroom, trying to ==figure out== my future. I had ordered ==a fertility test== online that said it would provide fast results with just a few drops of blood. The videos on the company’s website featured a smiling blond woman jumping—to stimulate blood flow, naturally—and then ==e­ffortlessly== ==dribbling== blood from her nger tips all over a little strip of test paper. All I had to do was be like her. Joyful. ==Sanguineous== . Fertile.

For years, my husband, Rich, and I had ==gingerly== walked the prime ==meridian== between wanting and not wanting kids, usually leaning toward the “no” side. Having a baby had seemed un a­ ordable and impossible. On days when I nished work at 8 p.m., the thought of ==procreating== made me laugh, then ==shudder== .

Recently, though, I’d begun to reconsider. I was in the midst of an ==admittedly== strange-sounding project: I was spending a year trying to change my personality. According to a scientific personality test I’d taken, I scored sky-high on ==neuroticism== , a trait associated with anxiety and depression, and low on ==agreeable== ==ness== and ==extroversion== . I lived in a constant, ==clenched== state of dread, and it was poisoning my life. My therapist had stopped laughing at my jokes.

But I had read some scientific research suggesting that you can change your personality by behaving like the kind of person you wish you were. Several studies show that people who want to be, say, less isolated or less anxious can make a habit of socializing, meditating, or journaling. Eventually these habits will come naturally, ==knitting== together to form new traits.

I knew that becoming a parent had the potential to change me in even more profound ways. But I had no idea how. My own mother once said to me, “I can’t picture you as a mother.” The truth was, neither could I.

I wasn’t sure I could get pregnant, even if I wanted to. My age put me in a category that was, in a less delicate time, called “ ==geriatric== ” for pregnancy, and one doctor told me my eggs were probably of “poor quality.” The fertility test I’d ordered was meant to determine if those eggs were ==serviceable== . In the bathroom, I unwrapped the ==glossy== white box. The instructions said the test would take 20 minutes and require a pack of ==lancets== . I grabbed one and ==stabbed== it into my geriatric forefinger. Two hours, five lancets, and a ==graveyard== of ==gauze== and alcohol wipes later, I still hadn’t squeezed a single ==droplet== out of my finger. Was I not jumping high enough? Was I already failing as a mother?

I was worried I wouldn’t be able to have a baby. I was also scared to death of having one.

Arguably, many things are wrong with me. I was raised by Russian immigrants who constantly worried that the “ ==dark day== ” was upon us, so hopeful thoughts about the future of humanity don’t come naturally. I’m not a person who is a­ ected by cuteness. I’ve never liked holding—or even really looking at—other people’s babies. I don’t like animals. I couldn’t imagine ==cooing== and smiling at a baby as much as science says you’re supposed to for their brain development.

My neuroticism made it especially hard to decide if I wanted kids, because no process is more ==rife== with uncertainty than parenting, and nothing scares anxious people more than uncertainty. I worried that Rich and I would ght more, and that our relationship would su­ er. I worried about sleep ==deprivation== . I felt ==torn== between my lifelong conviction that people shouldn’t create problems for themselves and my (apparent) desire to do just that.

I would wake up in the middle of the night and Google things like percent ==miscarriage== pregnant while 36?; anxiety pregnancy miscarriage causes; Diet Coke fetal defects; pregnancy brain stops working hands stop working. These searches surfaced ==horrific== ==anecdotes== , but never any conclusive answers about what I should do. One time, I Googled reasons to have kids and found an article that labeled all the reasons I had come up with—like being cared for in old age and having someone who loves me—with the heading “Not-So-Good Reasons to Have Children.”

But then I would remember the times we visited Rich’s mom, who had ==dementia== , in her nursing home. ==Her face lit up at the sight of him== . “My son, my son, my only son,” she’d say, grabbing his arm. He was the only person she still recognized. The visits were a reminder that the people who matter most at the end are your children. The readers of your blog posts won’t make the trip.

Heather Rackin, a sociologist at Louisiana State University, found in a study that the death of a mother or sibling increased the likelihood that a woman would give birth within two years. The e proximity of death is, perhaps, ==a wake-up call== . Who will remember us? The study was based on Rackin’s personal experience: When her father died in 2017, she decided not to wait any longer to have kids. His death got her thinking, she told me, about what was important in life: the experience of being loved and the chance to provide that love for someone else. Her rst child was born in 2019.

There are many reasons to postpone or avoid having children— the cost, the responsibility, ==the existence of and use case for the NoseFrida== . But in addition to the practical challenges, a narrative has taken hold: Everything changes when you become a mother.

Once they reach their 30s, many people have carefully cultivated friend groups and ==sourdough== starters and five-year plans. They “really have a good sense of who they are, and then having a baby totally disrupts everything that they thought they knew about themselves,” says Lauren Ratli  , a ==perinatal== therapist in Illinois. Of course, this is where I di  er from the rest of my ==cohort== . By the time I was ready to have a baby, I’d already been trying to disrupt everything about myself.

For my personality-change project, I had experimented with science- backed strategies to turn down my neuroticism and ==amp== up my ==extroversion== and ==agreeableness== . I had spent hundreds of hours trying out different ==iterations== of ==mindfulness== , culminating in a day-long meditation retreat that almost killed me with boredom but somehow ==alleviated== my depression. Among other agreeableness-boosting activities, I traveled to London for a “conversation workshop,” where I learned techniques that can make even British people show an emotion. And to become more extroverted, I went out as much as humanly possible. I played table tennis. I did ==improv== , and survived.

For the most part, my efforts worked: I no longer thought of talking with people as a waste of time. I became less afraid of uncertainty and disappointment. I made one very good new friend. I drank less.

I had been changing, but it was a type of change that I directly determined. I could go to happy hour, or not. I could meditate, or stop. I was aware that ==parenthood== would ==transform me further== , but what I found unsettling was that I couldn’t know exactly how. Bizarrely, for the biggest disruption of your life, study after study shows there’s no “typical” way that becoming a parent changes your personality. Some studies have found tiny average decreases in extroversion or openness among new parents— but even those findings aren’t consistent.

Despite my progress, I was still too ==neurotic== to feel comfortable ==surrendering== control and letting biology ==mold== me into someone I couldn’t predict and might not recognize.

After doctors pronounced me insufficiently fertile, Rich and I decided to just stop being careful one month and see what happened. We figured we would at least have some fun before we ==embarked== on our ==arduous== “fertility journey.”

A short time later, on a ==choppy== boat tour in Europe, I couldn’t stop ==leaning over== the edge of the ==catamaran== and ==hurling== .

“Do you think you might be pregnant?” Rich whispered ==as the boat crew force-fed me pita bread== .

“Don’t be ==insane== ,” I said. Everyone knows that 37-year-olds— especially infertile ones—don’t get pregnant on their first try.

A week after that, I found out that I had indeed gotten pregnant on my first try.

Being pregnant means having your brain replaced with an anxiety T-shirt cannon. I didn’t feel ==glowy== or ==goddessy== ; I felt crazy. None of my friends has kids, and many of them reacted to my news like I’d gotten a face ==tattoo== . One sent me a TikTok of everything that can ==supposedly== go wrong in pregnancy, including the possibility that ==vomit== will come out of your eyes. (It won’t.) I spent more and more time by myself, obsessing over which ==swaddles== were best. (We didn’t end up using any.)

Thanks to ==a king tide of hormones== , ==irritability== ==spikes== during the first and last ==trimesters== of pregnancy. People say your baby will remember the sounds they hear in the ==womb== , but I fear mine detected little in there other than me screaming at his father. Every few weeks, something would ==set me off== , at a deafening volume. If they’d ==overheard== me, those couples therapists who say ==contempt== is the most glaring sign of a failed relationship would probably have advised us to start ==divvying== up our furniture.

Sometimes when I was yelling, being so mean felt amazing— as though I’d finally ==engulfed== Rich in my distress. Obviously you need a travel ==stroller== and a regular stroller! I always apologized, and Rich always accepted my apology. But one time he said, “You know that with a kid, ==that’s not really something you can take back, right?== ” Sometimes, late at night, after yet another argument, I would rotate my ==spheroid== belly toward Rich and ask, “What if I turn out to be a bad mother?”

The rest of the pregnancy was horrible. I didn’t think it was possible to feel so tired and still be technically alive. At my baby shower, when some friends asked me how I was feeling, I quoted the Russian ==dissident== Boris Nadezhdin responding to a question about whether he feared ==imprisonment== or death: “The ==tastiest== and the sweetest years of my life are already in the past.” (This is is the closest Russians get to excited.)

Three weeks before my due date, after a routine ultrasound, my high-risk ob-gyn walked briskly into the room. She looked around for something to sit on and, finding nothing, ==plopped down on top of a closed trash== can. She told me that something was wrong with my ==placenta== , and that the baby was in danger. And that I should now ==walk over to the delivery wing of the hospita== l.

==In the antechamber of the operating room== , I ==hyperventilated== in my paper gown and tapped out emails to all my sources and ==bosses== : I’m having an emergency C-section today, so I won’t be available for the next few months. My last day of caring whether people were mad at me.

Afterward, while ==the medical residents== were rearranging my ==innards== , I thought I heard one of them ask me something.

“I’m sorry, I don’t know what’s going on down there at all,” I said across the blue curtain.

“That’s … probably for the best,” the resident said.

HE CAME OUT with white hair, a perfectly round face, and a ==grumpy== expression, like the leader of a former Yugoslav republic. I called him “Slobodan” a couple of times, until Rich told me to stop.

Because he was early, we panic-picked a name from our shortlist— Evan. The same day he was born, doctors ==whisked== him away to the ==NICU== ; I saw him only a few times before we were all sent home days later. My ==discharge paperwork== said, “Mom is ==breastfeeding== four or five times a day,” which was funny because at that point I had not done it successfully even once. It was also funny because I—quite possibly the least qualified person for the job—was apparently “Mom.”

Once home, we entered the period we now refer to as “Cute Abu Ghraib.” ==Sleep deprivation== ==addled== me to the point that, on a call with the ==pediatrician== , I forgot the baby’s name. When Evan was two weeks old, I ==bit into a piece of chicken== and tasted something ==bloody== and sharp. I had ground my teeth so hard during his NICU stay that I’d ==loosened a crown== .

We ==agonized== over whether the ==gyrations== of the SNOO Smart Sleeper Bassinet would rattle his brain too much, then grew too exhausted to care. I became the CEO of Baby Inc., and Rich was employee No. 1; we communicated only about ==ointments== and ==ounces== . I finally had the big ==boobs== of my dreams, but the only man who saw them was two feet tall and couldn’t read.

But then something interrupted the misery. One night, I was holding Evan while he was sleeping. I had read that singing to your baby was beneficial, so I decided to ==serenade== him with one of the few songs I know by heart: “Forever and Ever, Amen,” by Randy Travis. Except I couldn’t seem to get through the fourth line: “This is love that I feel for you always will be.” I, a bad bitch who has never cried at a wedding, kept choking up.

Rich asked me if I was okay.

“Whatever!” I said, ==tears rolling down my cheeks== . “Shut up!”

I thought ==motherhood== would be a forced march through inert ==babyhood== and ==feral== ==toddler== years before we finally reached the golden time of my imagination: having a talking, ==precocious== elementary schooler. But there I was, flooded with adoration for someone who barely registered my presence. I’d hated being pregnant, so I thought I would hate having a baby, too. But I loved him. I loved this.

Recall the research showing there’s no one way that parenthood tends to change people’s personalities. Anecdotally, researchers told me that they do notice certain patterns among new parents. Most moms worry about their kid, more or less constantly, from the minute they find out they’re pregnant. “ ==Signing up to be a parent is signing up to have a lifetime of some degree of depression and anxiety== ,” Ratliff , the therapist, told me.

New parents’ satisfaction with their romantic relationship goes down, especially for mothers, and especially in the first year. “ ==Guilt is another universal== ,” says Aurélie Athan, a clinical psychologist at Columbia University’s Teachers College, who researches the transition known as “ ==matrescence== .” ==The creeping sense== that you should be with your kid while you’re working and working while you’re with your kid apparently never goes away.

She told me that mothers become more ==attuned== and ==prosocial== — more caring and empathetic toward others. Athan said this is why so many mothers cry when their babies cry and have a hard time watching ==gory== movies. “Moms get a really bad taste in their mouth with violent television or looking at images of war,” she said.

That’s where she lost me. My son had ==colic== ; for the first four months, he screamed like the possessed unless he was within the ==jiggly confines of his SNOO== . The ==doula== we hired referred to him, alternately, as “Mr. Cheeks,” “Mr. Crab,” and, ==sarcastically== , “Mr. Wonderful.” If I had cried every time he cried, I wouldn’t have had time to do anything else.

Eventually, Rich and I grew desensitized, or felt like we had to match his chaotic energy with equally intense ==stimuli== . One night, after Evan ==wailed== in our ears for two hours, we shuffed downstairs and collapsed onto the couch. There was only one thing we could think to watch that would serve as a ==comedown== from what had just happened: Saving Private Ryan.

“Did you remember to ==sterilize== the pump parts?” I asked Rich as the ==entrails== of American soldiers ==spilled out== over the beaches of Normandy.

“The sterilizer thing broke, so I had to reset it,” he said as a man stumbled around ==with his arm blown off== .

Even within these supposedly universal rules of parenthood, that is, there’s a lot of variability. That’s because life events like parenthood seem to change everyone di erently, and how you’ll change is, in part, up to you. For a recent study, Ted Schwaba, a psychologist at Michigan State University, and his co-authors asked thousands of Dutch people about a life event in the past 10 years, such as a divorce or a new job, that they felt had changed who they were as a person. About 7 percent of the participants identified parenthood as the event that changed them, and on average, they felt that it had made them slightly more agreeable and ==conscientious== .

But ==the big takeaway== for Schwaba, from looking at all the data for all the different types of life events, was that there really was no pattern. Some people became more ==extroverted== when they got a new job. Some became less so. Some people actually became less neurotic— that is, less depressed and anxious— after, say, a cancer diagnosis.

To Schwaba, this research suggests that it’s how you experience an event such as parenthood, more than the event itself, that determines how you’ll change. “The same event, like getting divorced, might be someone’s worst thing that’s ever happened to them, and for someone else, it might be the best thing that’s ever happened to them,” he told me.

Or your personality might change not immediately after an event like childbirth, but through a long process that the event sets in motion. It’s not the cry you hear in ==the delivery room== that changes you; it’s the many years of researching child care and ==soothing boo-boos== that gradually turn you into someone new. To change, you have to take steps every day to do so. Having a baby won’t make you a better person. Behaving like a better person for your baby will.

Of all the things I wanted motherhood to change about me, neuroticism was high on the list. Before I had Evan, I felt like I was personally responsible for ==making life unfold perfectly== , and whenever I “failed” to do so, ==I had a meltdown== . One day a few years ago, I got a bad haircut, ==got stuck in traffic== , and had professional photos taken that looked terrible. My response to this—what my new-parent eyes now see as an 8-out-of-10 day—was to ==chug half a bottle of wine== and scream to my husband through sobs, “I hate everyone and everything!”

But now so much goes wrong every single day that there’s no time to get upset about any one thing. I recently took a flight with Evan by myself, an exercise that really underscores the first Noble Truth of Buddhism (life is su­ ering). As I ==hauled== the car seat, the stroller, the baby, the diaper bag, and the ==trendy== , impractical tote from my childless years to the TSA line, an airline attendant took one look at me and said, “I know; it is too much.”

In the middle of the flight, I noticed that the two bottles of formula Evan nervously drank during takeo­ had caught up with him, and that ==he was now soaked with pee== . I grabbed him under the ==armpits== and ==scooted== across the seats to change him in the airplane’s ==postage-stamp-size bathroom== . With one hand, I held him, crying, on the ==changing table== , and with the other, I dug a clean onesie out of the bottom of the diaper bag. I fastened a million tiny onesie buttons. Then I saw that I had ==misaligned== them and fastened them again. Next it was my turn. I couldn’t leave him on the changing table, or put him on the disgusting floor. I ==yanked my leggings down== and held him at arm’s length as I ==peed== .

By the end of that ==ordeal== , I felt accomplished and capable. I didn’t feel like sobbing; ==I felt like high-fiving myself== . I’ve let go in other ways, too. I show up at important meetings without makeup on. I say weird stu­ff to strangers and don’t analyze it obsessively later. Evan has forced me to step outside myself, to break from the relentless self-focus that has contributed to both my success and my unhappiness.

My remaining neuroses are ==laser-directed== on his well-being. I had initially planned not to breastfeed, but once I started, I got so into it that when a doctor suggested that Evan would spit up less if I cut food ==allergens== from my diet, I stopped eating virtually anything but oats and ==spinach for months== . When I was pregnant, we’d ==signed the unborn Evan up for day care== , but as the end of my ==maternity== ==leave loomed== , I embarked on a frantic search for a ==nanny== so he could stay close to me while I worked from home. I had always mentally mocked parents who checked to be sure their babies were still breathing at night, then found myself standing in front of his crib at 3 a.m., feeling for ==puffs of air from two tiny nostrils== .

I yell at Rich less than I used to, because not only is he employee No. 1 of Baby Inc., but he’s the only employee, and frankly there are no other applicants for the job. In fact, the whole experience has made me kinder and more tender, like the Grinch, post–heart enlargement. I’m less worried about wasting time, because all time with a baby is essentially wasted—the most important nothing you’ll ever do in your life. I even love Evan’s wet, violent “kisses,” which leave his baby-teeth imprints on our jaws. When my friend Anton visited recently, he watched me make ==horsey== noises for Evan for what probably felt like hours. “I can’t believe you love an infant!” he said.

During my interview with Ratli­ , I told her that Evan had lately been losing interest in breastfeeding. I had awaited this day through months of ==bleeding nipples and frustration== , but now that it was here, it was making me a bit sad. “Your baby’s moving to the next stage,” she alarmed, “and this one is not going to come back again.” I started ==tearing up== —both at the memory of those bleary, milk-soaked months together and at the realization that he wouldn’t even be a baby for much longer.

During my personality-change experiment, my meditation teacher had tried to hammer home the idea that “ ==this too shall pass== ” is both ==uplifting== and sad: Nothing bad lasts forever, but neither does anything good. Before I had Evan, I was focused on ==impermanence== ’s upsides: This uncomfortable improv show will end; this awful pregnancy will too. But now I’m more keenly aware of its downsides. The sleepless nights will end, but so too will the times Evan squeals at a game of peekaboo, or spends an entire swim class gazing up at me in awe. Every day brings a sigh of relief and a pang of nostalgia. Having someone who loves you, I’ve decided, is a good reason to have kids.

Olga Khazan is a staff writer at The Atlantic. The is essay was adapted from her forthcoming book, Me, but Better: The Science and Promise of Personality Change.

Vocabulary, Phrases and Sentences

Comment and share

在hexo博客中启用图片支持

hexo对图片的引用格式比较反人类，笔者习惯使用typora写文章，因此有了这篇博客，图片将会保存在.md同级目录下的同名文件夹内

参考中文互联网上众多方法后，笔者在此直接给出有效的解决方案

• typora的图片设置为复制到指定路径${filename}
• 编辑_config.yml修改并添加以下内容

1
2
3
4

post_asset_folder: true
marked:
  prependRoot: true
  postAsset: true

• 需要安装的插件是hexo-render-marked

1

npm install hexo-renderer-marked --save

• typora中格式-图像-设置图片根目录-选择与.md同名的文件夹

• 保存推出然后重新进入，typora中能正常显示

• hexo clean && hexo deploy

• hexo博客上也能正常显示图片

Comment and share